The Politics of Minimum Wage Essay -- Political Science Research Paper

The federally mandated minimum wage has been a divisive political issue in American politics since it first came into effect in 1938 under the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR advocated for the minimum wage with the argument that â€Å"all but the hopelessly reactionary will agree that to conserve our primary resources of manpower, government must have some control over maximum hours, minimum wages, the evil of child labor, and the exploitation of unorganized labor† (Greene 2013). This idea led to the passage of the first minimum wage law in American history, twenty five cents an hour (Greene 2013). Prior to the passage of this law, several state minimum wage laws had been struck down as an unconstitutional prohibition of workers’ rights to set the price for their own labor. However, in 1941, the Supreme Court case U.S v Darby Lumber Co upheld the federal minimum wage, overturning the precedent it had set for state level minimum wages. The Court dismissed the ar gument that Darby Lumber did not engage in interstate commerce based on the commerce clause and stated that Congress had the constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce, along with intrastate commerce that directly affected interstate commerce (U.S v Darby Lumber Co.1941). Justice Stone, writing for the majority stated that Congress â€Å"May chose the means reasonably adapted to the attainment of the permitted end (the minimum wage) even though they involve the control of intrastate activities. Such legislation has often been sustained with respect to powers other than the commerce power granted to the national government, when the means chosen, although not themselves within the granted power, were nevertheless deemed appropriate aids to the accomplishment of some... ...mieson, Dave. â€Å"Obama State of the Union Address: President Calls for raising the Minimum Wage,† Huffington Post. 13 February 2013. Armstrong, Ari â€Å"Minimum Wage Laws: Economically Harmful Because Immoral,† The Objective Standard. 7 March 2013. â€Å"Tipped Workers: Information† Raisetheminimumwage.com. U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"Bureau of Labor Unemployment Statistics: October 2013,† DOL.gov. U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"Minimum Wage by State,† DOL.gov. Worstall, Tim, â€Å"The Absurdity of a $15 Minimum Wage,† Forbes. 1 September 2013. Hanauer, Nick. â€Å"The Capitalist Case for a $15 minimum wage† Bloomberg News. 19 June 2013. Dreier, Peter. â€Å"Raising the Minimum Wage is good for Business (but the corporate lobby doesn’t think so,† Huffington Post. 23 February 2013. Internal Revenue Service, â€Å"EITC 2012.† Other source authors are directly stated in text. The Politics of Minimum Wage Essay -- Political Science Research Paper The federally mandated minimum wage has been a divisive political issue in American politics since it first came into effect in 1938 under the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR advocated for the minimum wage with the argument that â€Å"all but the hopelessly reactionary will agree that to conserve our primary resources of manpower, government must have some control over maximum hours, minimum wages, the evil of child labor, and the exploitation of unorganized labor† (Greene 2013). This idea led to the passage of the first minimum wage law in American history, twenty five cents an hour (Greene 2013). Prior to the passage of this law, several state minimum wage laws had been struck down as an unconstitutional prohibition of workers’ rights to set the price for their own labor. However, in 1941, the Supreme Court case U.S v Darby Lumber Co upheld the federal minimum wage, overturning the precedent it had set for state level minimum wages. The Court dismissed the ar gument that Darby Lumber did not engage in interstate commerce based on the commerce clause and stated that Congress had the constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce, along with intrastate commerce that directly affected interstate commerce (U.S v Darby Lumber Co.1941). Justice Stone, writing for the majority stated that Congress â€Å"May chose the means reasonably adapted to the attainment of the permitted end (the minimum wage) even though they involve the control of intrastate activities. Such legislation has often been sustained with respect to powers other than the commerce power granted to the national government, when the means chosen, although not themselves within the granted power, were nevertheless deemed appropriate aids to the accomplishment of some... ...mieson, Dave. â€Å"Obama State of the Union Address: President Calls for raising the Minimum Wage,† Huffington Post. 13 February 2013. Armstrong, Ari â€Å"Minimum Wage Laws: Economically Harmful Because Immoral,† The Objective Standard. 7 March 2013. â€Å"Tipped Workers: Information† Raisetheminimumwage.com. U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"Bureau of Labor Unemployment Statistics: October 2013,† DOL.gov. U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"Minimum Wage by State,† DOL.gov. Worstall, Tim, â€Å"The Absurdity of a $15 Minimum Wage,† Forbes. 1 September 2013. Hanauer, Nick. â€Å"The Capitalist Case for a $15 minimum wage† Bloomberg News. 19 June 2013. Dreier, Peter. â€Å"Raising the Minimum Wage is good for Business (but the corporate lobby doesn’t think so,† Huffington Post. 23 February 2013. Internal Revenue Service, â€Å"EITC 2012.† Other source authors are directly stated in text.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) Written and Contributed by SUGABUGA456 Edgar Allan Poe was one of America’s famous poets, fiction short-story writers, and literary critics. He is known as the first master of short story form especially in tales of horror, and mystery. The work he produced was considered to be some of the most influential literary criticism of his time. His poems made him one of the most famous figures in American literary history. His influence on literature is seen in all literature books in schools everywhere. Some of his famous writings is that of "Annabel Lee"; his detective story, "The Murders in Rue Morgue"; "The Pit and the Pendulum" and "The Tell-Tale Heart" are the best among his horror stories; and The Raven one of his best poems which among all these, made him very famous in 1845. "The Fall of the House of Usher", and "The Masque of the Red Death", made him a forerunner of symbolism, and impres sionism. Poe antagonized many people with a scathing campaign against an American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow for supposed plagiarism. Later that year Poe admitted to being drunk, which further separated him from the public. Poe’s later years were full of economic hardship and ill health. Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. He was orphaned at the early age of two, his father deserted the family and his mother died all before he was three in 1811, then Poe became a ward and was raised as a foster child by John Allan, a wealthy merchant of tobacco, and his wife Frances in Richmond, VA but they never legally adopted him. Taken by the Allan family to England at the age of six, Poe was placed in a private school. In 1826 Poe enrolled at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. where he acquired gambling debts that John Allan refused to pay. Eventually, Poe was forced to withdraw from the university, and Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe’s engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. His relationship with Allan was declined and he moved from his foster father and enlisted in the army. Also in 1827, he went to Boston where he wrote his fist book "Tamerlane and other poems" that he sold for $.12 a copy but it didn’t sell. He served a two year term while waiting for an appointment to the US Military Academy.

Differences and Inequalities Essay

This essay will provide examples of inequalities and differences using information from City Road (The Open University, 2014) and the observations I have made which are similar on my street and how they affect society. Class, age, wealth, education, disability and even sexuality are seen as differences among those who lack access to these resources and therefore experience inequalities. Inequality is when a person is unable to do the same as someone else due to barriers. As seen in Connecting Lives (The Open University, 2014a) the inequalities that Stephen Sweetman (who uses a wheelchair) endures are due to the design of the built environment and due to this I see the physical exclusion this has on his life. One of the main issues on my street is most shop entrances have steps. This makes it inaccessible for people who have a disability and these impact their choices and their access to resources. The recent location change to our Bus Station which use to be located in the town centre where easy access to the high street and all the shops was quick and virtually obstacle free, now it has been moved outside the high street and to get to the main shops you now have to walk along way and it is harder on the elderly, disabled and families with young children in pushchairs. The new location is a lot smaller but has the same volume of people using the area, currently the pathway is being used as a waiting area bringing disorder and people’s safety is at risk the pathway is crowded and you have to walk in the road to get by. Local councils can help to ensure differences do not develop in to inequalities by clearing rubbish frequently and making sure the streets are clean from things like dog mess, chewing gum and that the street lights are maintained and bollards, signage and road markings are visible. John Arthur’s story The Life and Times of the Street: Part 1 [Video], (The Open University, 2014a) is another clear example of inequalities and differences on City Road. He is a homeless person but his life experiences connect with other people in similar circumstances. Looking at these connections I see patterns of inequalities and differences but also on a  wider scale within the homeless, unemployed and people on a low wage in British society. On my street homeless people are often seen in doorways, sleeping rough, begging for money or food. What, how and why have their individual experiences led them to live their lives this way and make them feel excluded from society? The Mackintosh Centre, The Life and Times of the Street: Part 1 (The Open University, 2014a) explains that the sports centre is perceived by some local people as an exclusive place and they know its history, how it was transformed from the home of a wealthy landowner to a community sports centre. However the stigma of the wealth surrounded by the history of the building and the financial inequality barrier has lead to people assuming they would not be welcome. Changes in individual circumstances can lead to variations in differences which also affect how they see themselves within the society. The Food Bank (The Open University, 2014a) offers people help while they have financial misfortune. The people that use the food bank do so out of necessity and do not have a choice in the food they are given. This is in great contrast to the people who go to the supermarkets or the farmers’ markets and choose what they like. City Road has many different businesses and over time as on my street these businesses have changed making and remaking the street introducing different ethnic groups. One building on my street was once a bank, now it is run as an American themed restaurant and sells food and beverages based on America. Their clientele who frequent this establishment do so as a choice, whereas people who are less fortunate and have limited or no income have to use food banks. This essay has covered Differences and Inequalities on City Road (The Open University, 2014) and how these are comparable or diverse to my street. I have found patterns in social life regarding individual stories and how people’s life experiences change how they perceive their belonging to the street. I have looked at Inequalities and how the order and disorder on the street can influence how people go about their everyday lives. References Blakeley, G. and Staples, M. (2014) ‘The life and times of the street’, in Allen, J. and Blakeley, G. (eds) (2014) Understanding Social Lives, Part 1, Milton Keynes: The Open University. The Open University (2014a) ‘The Life and Times of the street: Part 1’ [Video], DD102 Introducing the social sciences. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/veiw.php?id=443760 §ion=2.3 (Accessed 4 November 2014). The Open University (2014a) ‘Inequalities on the street’: Part 2’ [Video], DD102 Introducing the social sciences. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/veiw.php?id=443760 §ion=2.2 (Accessed 4 November 2014).

Cause and Effects of Watching Too Much Television Essay

Cause and effects of watching too much television Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan. Television was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings. People mainly watch television for entertainment especially when they are bored or â€Å"have nothing to do†. It is also used for relaxing, as most people like to sit and back and relax while watching their favourite television show. Watching the television however, may become addictive and a hard habit to break. There are many effects of watching too much television. One of the physiological effects of watching television in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there are specifications for watching television; television should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, television should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching television for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching television and eating snacks everyday (there is even a term â€Å"television snacks† to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the television). Television is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it – it is addictive. Apart from the physiological effects, television also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on television, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax n front of the television, and generally people prefer watching television to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces. Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them. Television is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only – being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching too much television.

Formation of Psychology Essay

Many Philosophers majorly influenced the development of modern psychology in the nineteenth century. In this essay, I will begin by discussing three of the major eastern philosophers that contributed to the formation of psychology as a discipline. I will then discuss the development of psychology during the nineteenth century and the contributions made by these philosophers. Human behavior is a subject that has been thought about for centuries but was not properly recorded until scientific experimentation was performed. There were many major philosophers responsible for the  development of psychology but I will focus on John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. These philosophers are significant in the development of psychology as a discipline and without them; psychology would not be what it is today. John Locke, 1632-1704, was the founder of British Empiricism. He spent his life mainly as a lecturer and tutor, but also as a philosopher, politician, diplomat, and was also trained in medicine. Locke’s main belief was that upon birth, the mind is a blank slate and would be written upon one’s personal  experiences; meaning that you come into this life with no prior knowledge and everything you learn is what you have perceived in your time while living. Goodwin (2008) states that Locke believed that every idea we have comes from only two sources, sensation and reflection. Sensation refers to the way our mind processes information grasped through our sensation in a given environment while reflection refers to information we have processed with the use of our senses and our memory. Locke argued against the use of punishment in children; which makes a great deal of impact on  psychological behavior and a child’s willingness to act out. George Berkeley was born in Ireland and lived from the year 1685 to the year 1753. Throughout his years, he lived as a philosopher, deacon and missionary. His theories from the seventeenth century developed into Materialism in the nineteenth century. His work on vision was the first systematic example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception. Berkeley made theories of how the perceptions of objects depend on experience and instead of us seeing things  straight on; we judge them on our experiences of distance and size. Berkeley poses a threat to the act of free will through determinism, which is the belief that something causes every event. Materialism is the theory that the only existing things are matter or energy; all things are made up of atoms and each event is the result of material interactions. Without Berkeley’s contributions to the development of materialism, psychology would not include the argument of perception. Each individual perceives each instance in a different way; an object I may judge as being a yard away  could be perceived as five yards away for another. David Hume was known for the development of the Rules of Association. He was born in Scotland, in the year 1711 and died in the year of 1776. Hume believed that all similar or simultaneous ideas are somehow associated with one another. He came up with three laws to support his theories: resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect. Goodwin (2008) summarized Hume as being known for making a distinction between impressions, which resulted from sensation, and ideas, which were faint copies of impressions. The development of psychology as a discipline was greatly impacted by David Hume, without his contributions to the Rules of Association modern day psychology would still be questioning the relationships of thoughts and patterns between one another. Hume’s contributions expanded through more theories outside of the Rules of Association and included sentimentalism, emotivism, ethical expressivism, non-cognitivism, and the error theory. The research and theories he provided played roles in the development in all of the fore listed theories making Hume a philosopher that played great impact in the development of psychology. The nineteenth century brought great advances in science in many areas from steel to electricity but also brought many advances in the science of psychology. In the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin’s theories developed into Darwinism. Sigmund Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis, which compromised the idea of human beings having rationality and free will. The newly developed theories in the nineteenth century caused an uprising suggesting that we do not 1 / 2  know the universe, whereas, the prior sciences suggested a clear thinking, all-knowing world. The science of Psychology has slowly been in development since the fourth and fifth centuries. Although the science has grown dramatically since the beginning, it still relies on its roots of philosophy. Without the great impact of the world’s best philosophers, the science of psychology would not be what it is today. References: Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed. ). : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapters 1 & 2. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).   

Administration Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Administration Decisions - Essay Example A school can function to the fullest if the families and the community it is established are involved. One type of school, a community school is unique in that it includes in its program an integrated model that considers stakeholders in the community such as partners, administrators, teachers, parents and students (Jacobson, Hodges, and Martin 18). A community school does not only uphold the academics and youth development, but also support for the family, grant of social services and development of the community as a whole (18). In working with partners, a school community recognizes the different needs of students both in academic and non-academic spheres (20). Thus, the school site team works toward the alignment of activities with the vision of the school. The partners in turn work in congruence with the total improvement plan of the school (20). The role of the principal in the school and the community cannot be overemphasized. The principal must be aware that the community sch ool belongs to the community and should interact with the latter for total success (20). In connection with this, the principal should welcome the resources offered by the stakeholders and partners of the school (20). ... The School of Cooperative Technical Education (under the NYC Department of Education), on the other hand, provides career training for skills development to grades 11 and 12 students. The CAS Bronx Family Center also provides holistic physical, dental and mental health diagnosis to both students and parents of Fannie Lou. The health educators of CAS advise students on health and preventing pregnancy. The social workers based in the school provide mental health advises and intervention services during crisis. The school gives emergency relief to the family of a student who is evicted from home. The Oyler Elementary School (in Cincinnati, Ohio) was converted into a community school that includes high school offering. This was made possible through the partnering of families and members of the community with the Cincinnati Public Schools (20). The transformation of the school into a community school that allowed it to offer a K-12 program enabled students to enroll in high school for th e first time. Previously, no student in the neighborhood was able to avail of high school education. The Cincinnati Health Department has a clinic inside the school so that students can avail of health, dental and vision care services (21). Mentoring and tutorial services are given by more than 400 volunteers who visit the school weekly to students on an individual basis. The school also partnered with the Cincinnati Early Learning Centers and other partners to provide support to infants, children and their parents. In Glencliff High School, transforming it into a community school set up has allowed it sponsor numerous programs together with its partners, such as the

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare and contrast - Essay Example In Sonny’s Blues, the narrator laments about the darkness and hopelessness in his community, which were traits that existed in his ancestor’s communities and still continue to trouble youth in his generation. Sonny’s brother weeps for the boys of his community because they use heroin and other drugs, yet it seems that they are pushed into drug-taking and selling simply because other prospects for success do not exist. As he rides through the streets of Harlem, he finds history repeating itself through the youth of his time; it is almost as if black people have no hope but to resign to their fate. Likewise, Barton Fink also lives in a world where he can do little to change his circumstances; initially he seemed like a successful playwright, in charge of his world. However, when his agent informs him of an opportunity to transition into film by working in Hollywood, Fink jumps at the opportunity. Little does he know that once he signs the contract, he will be entra pped in the highly demanding, yet unforgiving world of filmmaking. Barton is frustrated when he dances and celebrates about completing his script, only to realize that his boss Lipnick thinks it is too rosy to be any good. The Capital Pictures owner then decides that he will punish Barton by keeping him in the studio even though none of Barton’s films will be produced there. Therefore, the budding writer must honor terms of his contract without necessarily gaining from them materially or professionally, so he is entrapped by the employment system. Writing films is a flaky affair, where writers surrender themselves to the whims of their eccentric employers; most of them may hold a lot of promise but may never realize it when they get into the wrong deal (Dunne 308). If something minor occurs, it is likely that those same individuals will get blamed for it, and everything else that