Intelligent Design Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intelligent Design Philosophy - Essay Example Moreover, the principle of separation of state and the Church has precluded its teaching in schools. Nonetheless, creationism never really disappeared especially for those who remained to abide by the principles of Christian fundamentalism. Today, creationism takes a different shape, a shape that promises to be more scientifically in sync by underscoring empirical evidence rather than the idea of a Divine Being to explain its thesis. The concept of intelligent design emerged in the latter part of the 20th century and was founded by experts in various scientific fields. The arguments underpinning this concept attempt to point out the inability of the Darwinian evolution to explain certain phenomena. The arguments underlying the intelligent design concept are discussed in the preceding paragraphs as well as the counter-arguments of those who opposed them. Background: History of Intelligent Design The intelligent design movement is assailed as being rooted in Christian fundamentalism, a religious movement that originated in the United States and was sparked by the rise of Christian modernism in Europe in the late 19th century. The fundamentalist came out with a series of 12 booklets called collectively The Fundamentals: The Testimony of the Truth that attacked, among others, Darwin’s theory of evolution (Flank 17-21). Darwin’s Origin of Species, which was published in 1859, began to be taught in US schools and the fundamentalists vehemently fought this. Christian fundamentalist, however, declined after the Scopes Monkey Trial in 1925 where legal luminary Clarence Darrow acted as counsel in a test case that breached a law prohibiting the teaching of evolution. In this case, the fundamentalists were depicted as â€Å"uneducated hicks and backwoods country bumpkins† (Flank 21-24). In 1987, however, the final blow was dealt to creation science when the US SC itself invalidated an Arkansas law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the case of Ed wards v Aguillard 482 US 578 (1987) (Young & Edis 2-3). With the death of creation science, intelligent design took its place as a theory that was foist to foil Darwin’s evolution. Conceived in the 1980s, it was the brainchild of some Christian intellectuals such as Phillip Johnson, who wrote Darwin on Trial, Michael Behe, a biochemist, and William Debski, a mathematician and philosopher, among others. Johnson subsequently established the right-wing think tank Center for Science and Culture and published a new book called The Wedge of Truth after the group’s wedge strategy, which has purportedly the overthrow of materialism as its goal. The strategy consists of the publication of books and technical and scientific materials within a span of five years to be incorporated into the public school system as well as to drum up support from their â€Å"natural constituency, namely, Christians† (Young and Edis 3). Intelligent Design: The Concept Intelligence design is a n origin-of-life theory that opposes the natural selection essence of evolution. Thus, this concept subscribes to the idea that there must be a grand ‘designer’ out there who directs the development of life because life and the universe are too complex to have merely come on their own without any entity or being guiding them. This theory directly conflicts with Darwin’

The difference between Project Finance and Corporate Finance

The difference between Project Finance and Corporate Finance Companies across the world frequently employ Project Finance for their large investments. Their importance is underscored by the following fact: Though US corporations used Project Finance less often than their overseas counterpart, 1 their savings of $34 billion in Project Finance in 2004 exceed the $25 billion that business enterprise capital funds invested in startups in that year, and was concerning half the $73 billion raise by US companies from side to side IPOs in the similar year (Esty, 2005). While academic research in finance has provided a lot of insight into business enterprise assets financing and IPOs, Project Finance has conventional scant notice.2 an obvious query arises: What factor drive the option of Project Finance vs Corporate Finance? 3 As Esty (2003a) points out, Project Finance involve important costs compare to Corporate Finance.4 What are the offsetting payback then of Project Finance vs Corporate Finance? Why 64% of huge investments were finance through Pro ject Finance in the French lawful source countries while this proportion was 26% in the English legal origin country? In other terms, how do the lawful and institutional surroundings in a country shape this option of Project Finance vs. Corporate Finance? This paper attempt to fill a number of these gaps in our in sequence. Two major contributions We create two major contributions. First, to our information, our paper is the primary to formally examine and empirically document the reimbursement of Project Finance vs Corporate Finance. Second, we supplement the law and finance journalism (see references below) by presentation a micro channel from side to side which lawful origin could have an effect on economic outcome from side to side the stipulation of saver defense to decrease decision-making agency outlay. Esty (2003b) argues casually that Project Finance reduce the group costs of free cash flow encounter in Corporate Finance:The first incentive to use Project Finance, the agency cost motivation, recognize Those sure assets, namely large, tangible possessions with high free cash flows, are susceptible to costly agency conflicts. The creations of a project company provide a chance to create a new, asset-specific ascendancy system to lecture to the disagreement between possession and control. . . Project Company utilizes co mbined possession and high influence to dishearten costly organization conflicts in the middle of participant. Two distinguishing characteristics of Project Finance vs Corporate Finance However, it is indistinct precisely how Project Finance operates to alleviate these association costs while other shape of finance cannot. For example, why cannot corporations affect domination systems particular to the nature of their property, or utilize joint possession and influence to alleviate these agency expenses? What is it about Project Finance as different to Corporate Finance that reduce agency conflict? We build up a simple replica to shed light on this query. We emphasize two distinguishing characteristics of Project Finance vs Corporate Finance: (a) improved verifiability of cash flow, and (b) lack of option to sponsors cash flows and assets. We quarrel that the verifiability of cash flow in Project Finance stem from contractual preparations made probable because of a solitary, discrete project that is lawfully alienated from the sponsor, and the resultant nonattendance of future growth opportunity in the Project finance Company. Since Corporate Finance involves multiple present and future projects, the similar contractual preparations cannot be effect in Corporate Finance. Therefore, cash flow is less demonstrable in Corporate Finance than in Project Finance, chiefly in countries where the protection against executive self-dealing is weaker. Project money due is also non-recourse: the lender does not have alternative to the sponsors property or cash flow. Corporate Finance Thus, in Corporate Finance, the lender has a potentially improved pool of cash flows from which to get paid. Since Project Finance company are first and leading debt economics (Esty, 2005), we implant the choice Of Project Finance versus Corporate Finance in a reproduction of debt financing comparable to that in Hart (1995). Since the pool of property and cash flows is better, but less provable, in Corporate Finance, creditors human rights play a more important role in Corporate Finance. Specifically, the lenders believable threat to seize security matters more with Corporate Finance, where cash flow are less demonstrable and borrower opportunism is therefore more probable. The threat of insolvency serves to deter this opportunism. Furthermore, Project Company invests in solitary, discrete property. Therefore, tradeoffs between inefficient continuance versus unproductive liquidation that arise from the attendance of future increase opportunities and typify bankruptcy in Corporate Fin ance (see Gartner and Scharfstein, 1991) are not present in Project Finance. Thus, ex-post inefficiencies created in insolvency affect Corporate Finance additional than Project Finance. Given these two reasons, i.e., the higher probability of opportunistic non-payment and the assistant inefficiencies from bankruptcy, we model non-payment in Corporate Finance but theoretical from the same in Project Finance. Of course, the lenders threat to pay debt assets is credible only if the insolvency laws in the country allow the lender to seize the security assets. Therefore, we take for granted that the lender can seize possessions with a higher likelihood if the bankruptcy laws give creditors stronger human rights. Further, we take for decided that insolvency values in bankruptcy are lower if the burden costs in bankruptcy are senior. Given this setup, we get hold of the subsequent result. In countries where insiders can confiscate minority investor more easily, Project Finance is more probable than Corporate Finance. In exacting, in such countries, Project Finance is excessively more probable than Corporate Finance in industry where Free Cash Flow is higher. To appreciate better this difference-in-difference prediction, think two industries: Drugs and Cement. Given the lack of important investment 2 opportunity in Cement when contrast to Drugs, the organization price of free cash flows would be higher in Cement than in Drugs (Jensen and Heckling, 1976, Jensen, 1986 and Blanchard, Loped- Silanes and Shleifer, 1994). Since Project Finance mitigates these organization costs by making cash flows demonstrable, ceteris paribus, the dissimilarity in the use of Project Finance in Cement versus that in Drugs would be better in Venezuela than this dissimilarity in the United States since the laws defensive managerial self-dealing is stronger in the United States than in Venezuela. Project Finance loans We give empirical confirmation supporting this forecast by comparing, across forty country,Project Finance loans next to Corporate Finance loans from the Loan Pricing Corporations Dealscan database. To limit our analysis to those Corporate Finance investments where scheme Finance is a viable option, we comprise loans to corporations under the category of equipment Purchases, capital expenditures, gaining of assets or company, and takeover. To capture differences crossways countries in the protection provided to investors against managerial self-dealing, we use the index of confidential control of self-dealing construct by Djankov, LaPorta, Lopez-de- Silanes and Shleifer (2006) (hereafter, DLLS) . These directory events the hurdles that the controlling saver in a firm must bound in order to indulge in a self-dealing business. In the spirit of our reproduction where ex-ante financing outcome are affected by the ex-post probability of a sponsor/manager being wedged self-dealing, we focu s on DLLSs gauge of ex-post confidential manage of self-dealing. We go after Opler and Titman (1993) and Lang, Stulz, and on foot (1999) in proxying agency expenses of free cash flow by means of the ratio of Free Cash Flow to Assets. Since our most inclusive disaggregated data is at the 4-digit SIC business level, we build this calculate for the middle firm in a 4-digit SIC manufacturing in a country. We use several empirical stipulations: controls for the legal source of state, fixed effects at the country, manufacturing, and year levels, and chance effects at the height of each industry in each country. We discover that in country that provides weak defense to alternative investors against expropriation by insiders, Project Finance is moderately more probable than Corporate Finance in industries where the ratio of Free Cash Flow to Assets is superior. If we contrast two industries for which the ratio of Free Cash Flow to Assets is one normal deviation apart, then a one standard deviation diminish in the ex-post personal control of self-dealing increase the probability of Project Finance in the industry with superior free cash flow by 5% more than in the manufacturing with lower free cash current. Since Project Finance is 25% probable on standard in our example, this 5% increase in the dissimilarity in likelihood of Project Finance represent a 20% change over the model average. W e also find that Project Finance is more possible in countries with weak guard against executive self-dealing; a one standard difference decrease in the ex-post confidential control of self-dealing increase the probability of Project Finance in a country by 14.5%, which represent more than a 50% enlarge over the example average of 25%. Project financial mode: Fig 1: Project finance model (Estry, 1999). Capital Structure theory The effect is economically significant too: A one point increase in the strength of creditor rights decreases the marginal effect of weaker protection against self-dealing by 32 %. We investigate further as to which component of the creditor rights index affects this choice between Corporate Finance and Project Finance. In line with our model, we find that in countries with no automatic stay imposed on the collateral assets in bankruptcy, the effect of managerial self dealing is mitigated. The other components of the DMS creditor rights index do not matter here. In the strongest piece of evidence supporting our theory, we consider this interaction effect between creditor rights and managerial self-dealing for the treatment sample of countries where creditor rights underwent a change during our sample period, and the control sample of other countries. As predicted by our model, we find that the decrease in the rights provided to creditors in our treatment sample enhanced the marginal effect of ex-post private control of self-dealing on the choice of Project Finance. Thus, we infer from our cross-country evidence and from the within country changes in creditor rights that laws protecting minority equity holders from managerial self-dealing and rights provided to creditors in bankruptcy are marginal substitutes in mitigating agency conflicts. Finally, our model predicts that larger deadweight costs incurred in bankruptcy increase the likelihood of Project Finance. As argued above, bankruptcy costs are lower in Project Finance than in Corporate Finance since project companies invest in single, discrete assets. Features of project Finance To examine the robustness of our above result to various source of endogeneity at the industrylevel, we go after Rajan and Zingales (1998) in employ the center Free Cash present to Assets for US firm at the 4-digit SIC urbanized level as an tool for our cross-country measure. The profusion of a business and the resulting level of free cash current is partially a purpose of the technical aspect of the developed as well as the life-cycle phase of the manufacturing. Therefore, we wait for the free of charge cash run for US business to be linked with the cross-country calculate.6 Furthermore; the practice of Project Finance is 19% in the US in dissimilarity to 53% for the obtain it easy of the earth. Therefore, the US developed level compute of Free Cash run to Assets make happy the two supplies needed to serve as an active uneven. As physically influential evidence of our theorys forecast, we obtain the identical consequences to the higher than by means of this caught up changeable. A second forecast of our model is that the creditors skill to seize the firms property upon Default, as well as those placed with him as security, mitigates the consequence of weak protection against administrative self-dealing, since the lender can resort to the assets ex-post in the face of self-dealing. Therefore, when stronger protection is provide to creditors, the effect of weaker defense against decision-making self-dealing in hopeful Project Finance is excessively lower. To proxy the legal rights of creditors across the world, we use the creditor rights directory (a score between 0 and 4) construct in Djankov, McLiesh and Shleifer (2005) (hereafter, DMS). A senior value for the DMS creditor rights index indicates stronger rights to creditors. Across our entire rider, which include chance effects at the country level, and fixed possessions at the year level, we find that the coefficient of communication between guard against self-dealing and creditor rights to be optimistic.

Is Print Media Dead? Essay -- essays research papers

Print media and journalism in general has a bright future in the upcoming decade. I do believe that it is shifting, and we may have to redefine journalism. Journalism has always defined newspapers, magazines, and the printed word. Broadcast journalists also earn that distinction but to a lesser degree because of the medium they work in. I do think that the printed works of journalists are here to stay for a long time. The area that I see changing is where the words are going to be printed. Words are they going to be on paper or on electronic screens? I have always liked newspapers. They can be taken anywhere by anyone. They can also be folded into paper airplanes and thrown around classrooms. The final resting-place of many newspapers is the bathroom. I know that in my house that is where the front page and sports section is. This particular journalism class likes newspapers. I walk in and see many of my classmates reading one everyday. The technology for the extinction of newspapers has been around for fifty years. Fifty years has passed and still newspapers and magazines hold a dominant place in the culture of every race on earth. What makes them so attractive? The information they contain is the main attraction. A poor family in Italy can find out how their favorite soccer team did against the English. A starving Ethiopian can find out when the next shipment of humanitarian aid is coming to his village. We Americans can find out if McDonalds is coming out with a new combo...

John Fitch

John Fitch was a great inventor and his ideas helped us today. He also was a clockmaker and bronze smith. He invented the first steamboat and the steam locomotive railway. Here are some facts on John Fitch inventions. John Fitch was born in Windsor, Connecticut on a farm. This farm is part of present day South Windsor, Connecticut. He had schooling from a clockmaker. Opened a brass and silversmith business in Trenton, New Jersey and succeeded until the American Revolution. In addition, he served the army for a short time and then started a gun factory. He also considered selling tobacco and beer to the continental army.After this he was surveying the Northwest Territories he was captured by Indians. Later was turned in to the British. British then released him and he started working designing steam powered ship. He was unable to get funds from the Continental Congress, so he found new investors and persuaded them. These investors gave him a 14 year monopoly. John Fitch saw some Briti sh steam engines drawings. But he had to build his own steam engine because he lacked money and was too difficult. John Fitch built many successful models with the help of Henry Voight. Henry Voight was a watchmaker; he constructed a 45 foot steamboat.The first trial run of this steamboat was in the Delaware River. The delegates of the Constitutional Convention were there to see the trial run. John Fitch constructed four different steamboats between 1785 and 1796 that successfully plied rivers and lakes. John Fitch demonstrated the feasibility of using steam for water locomotion. His models utilized various combinations of propulsive force, including ranked paddles, paddle wheels, and screw propellers. This steamboat was propelled by oars on the sides. The following years John Fitch build a 60 foot steamboat. It was powered by a steam engine that drove several stern mounted oars.This ship carried up to 30 passengers to round trip voyages. It went between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey. After this invention John Fitch was granted a patent after the battle with James Rumsey. James Rumsey had an invention that was similar to John Fitch’s invention. Unfortunately the patent commission did not award the broad monopoly John Fitch asked for. But the patent did award James Rumsey and John Stevens for their Steamboat designs. This caused John Fitch to lose his monopoly and investors leaving his company. Although his steamboats still worked and run successfully.He did not focus on the construction and the operating cost. He did not have the chance to explain the economic benefits of steam navigation. Later on John Fitch’s ideas was turned profitable by Robert Fulton. Although, Robert Fulton got a patent from New York because of his partner’s powerful influence Robert Livingston, Robert Fulton was unable to get a patent from the US patent. He was unable to do this because one of John Fitch’s companies, William Thornton was the clerk o f the patent office and bitterly opposed him. But John Fitch had a patent from France and was credited more than Robert Fulton for the invention of the steamboat.In addition, John Fitch invented the steam railroad locomotive in 1780. He showed a little of his model to the president George Washington and his cabinet in Philadelphia. In Ohio Historical Society Museum still has a model of the railroad locomotive. John Fitch was eager to work with rail locomotive, but soon his ideas were forgotten. Without John Fitch contributions to the steamboat and the steam railroad locomotive we would not have ships. John Fitch was a great American inventor that was ignored. He was ignored because the investors didn’t give him the patent he asked for.In 1802, the Englishman Richard Trevithick invented a full-size steam locomotive. This locomotive would soon haul the world's first locomotive-hauled railway train, and within a short time the British invention led to the development of actual r ailways. Americans ignorance of John Fitch's pioneering invention a quarter of a century earlier, began importing English locomotives and copying them. Many of John Fitch’s ideas were copied and they get all the credit, because he lacked money to pay for a company. A memorial to John Fitch stands in Bardstown, Kentucky's Courthouse Square.Here he lies with complete replica of his first steamboat. John Fitch Monument also stands in Warminster Township, Pennsylvania at the spot he first developed the idea for a steamboat. John Fitch High School was built on Bloomfield Avenue in Windsor, Connecticut in the 1934. It became an elementary school in the 1950s. The building was converted to elderly housing in the 1990s, but its facade still bears John Fitch's name and likeness carved in stone. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.Sources 1) Encyclopedia 2) About. com 3) Google 4) Ask. com 1. njlh 2. jjn

The Importance of Being on Time

Time is one of the utmost valuable entities that we have while we’re alive. We need time to develop our personal characteristics and talent, understanding relationships. Nothing becomes instantaneous, nor is it happenstance when it comes to understanding the importance of time.Everything in life requires time†¦from simply eating a meal to driving to a remote destination to developing a career. It is only thorough time that we are able to mature and develop wisdom through experiences we participate in as we move along our life’s journey. Time help us to set our priorities. Looking at the importance of time, we find that life is but a whisper—one day we are born, we grow up to experience an array of decision-making events (good and bad), and if we are fortunate to get to a ripe age, we leave this world—hopefully leaving a positive mark on society. In comparison to time, life goes by so fast. Time is one commodity that can be stored up and used for a lat er occasion—everyone has the exact amount of time in a day—24 hours.In fact, time is so essential that there never seems to be enough of it and we tend to believe that if we only had more time we would be able to accomplish great things, or something productive like a develop a relationship, accomplish a project or task, or even just rest for a longer period of time. On the contrary, some believe that they have too much time on their hands and have not discovered a true sense of using time wisely.While the management of time in terms of applying principles, skills tools and systems is essential from a military point of view, I’ve learned that the precision of time is extremely critical when it comes to collaborating operations in order to accomplish satisfactory results. Planning timed events not only does it save lives, but we learn to be an army in sequence and on one accord.Not only have I heard echoed as long as I can remember catch phrases like, ‘time is money’, ‘seize the moment’ or ‘time is of the essence’, but I’ve learned that the consumption of time that is wasted cannot be retrieved and that time must be appreciated. When time is not  cherished, causalities will develop in terms of seizing the perfect moment, taking advantage of the perfect scenario, or lost opportunities. Inappropriate use of time always affects others—it produces a domino effect. It’s gone forever.For centuries, time has left its mark in history and many fallen heroes have paid the ultimate sacrifice because of it. Timing has also allowed us to commemorate victory in liberating countries out of the bondage of hatred and despair.When time is taken more seriously, great accomplishments are made and outstanding memories grace the pages of history for all to know about. While none of us are perfect in any area of our lives, I’ve learned that we should get the most out of each day, and that we sho uld enjoy life to the fullest; which helps us to understand the importance of every moment. Time allows us to recognize triumph and failure†¦especially when it comes down to military strategies. Through a series of strategically planned and comprehensive precisely timed events, which included all components such as the time of day, natural elements, environmental surroundings, scheduled events, and a host of other supportive circumstances, the Allied Airborne Operations during Operation Overlord, otherwise recognized as D-Day, is noted to this day for its historical success.The landings were conducted in two phases and synchronized timing played a major role in this operation. The first landing of an airborne assault consisting of 24,000 British, American, Canadian and Free French airborne troops arrived shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armored military on the coast of France that started at 6:30 a.m. sharp. The surprise attack was achiev ed thanks to inclement weather and set of comprehensive deception plans implemented many months before the landings. One deception plan, Operation Bodyguard was intentionally launched to distract the German’s attention from the possibility of landings in Normandy.A key success was to convince Adolf Hitler that the landings would actually occur at another location. There were also decoy operations taking place simultaneously with the landings under the code names Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable to distract the German forces from the real landing areas. These operations  were successful because of timing and operating as an army of one clearly defined goal. Operation Market-Garden on the other hand was considerably an unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the Second World War.It was the largest airborne operation up to that time. While the beginning parts of the strategy plan were successful; the operation failed miserably be cause of lack of synchronized timing and delays, unforeseen circumstances and inadequate information which caused system breakdowns and total chaos near the end of the carefully strategized operation. The end resulted in severe negligence factors which left our military and allied forces trapped and vulnerable to enemy attacks, and unplanned resources had to be called in to evacuate and help support the initiative.If this operation had been successful, it would have shortened World War II by six months but instead a prolonged war became inevitable. From sunrise to sunset, timing affects everything that we do. Timing should be treated with the upmost respect; because once time is used up†¦it cannot be recovered again. Whether time is wasted, mismanaged or even used wisely, it always has a significant bearing on others. Time can either help or hinder others from their achievements and we must all learn to be considerate of using someone else’s time wisely. Each day, I have decided to be more intentional in planning, and I am not the same person I was a year ago.Within a year timespan I now value time because past experiences have taught me not to take it for granted. One thing that I have learned for sure is that everyone experiences time differently, and I have decided take a conscience approach to use my time wisely.

How Will We Use Tomorrows PCs essays

How Will We Use Tomorrows PCs essays Tomorrow's PCs are going to be different in many ways; they will be more powerful, they will include more facilities for multimedia, and looking further ahead, they may have features such as three dimensional displays, or wrap around virtual reality. These changes will shape the way which we use our PCs, but even without such advances, there are changes that can and will take place in the operating systems that enable us to make better use of PCs. I would like to focus here on some of the changes that I believe are desirable. So what is wrong with today's operating systems Plenty. Whereas the hardware for today's desk top PCs has advanced at an ever increasing pace, the operating systems have not matched up to the hardware. To be sure, there has been progress. The world of windows is a significant advance on the primitive command line interface of the original PC operating systems. But this represents merely a catching up with the state of the art of thirty years ago. The cost power ratio of current microprocessors would have amazed the pioneers at IBM who developed these things, but they would not have been too impressed with the operating system. One of the other things wrong with operating systems is just that - the name. I either have to spell it out all the time, or fall back on the somewhat cryptic OS; and what exactly does 'operating system' mean to the average PC user? It sounds more like something you expect to find in a hospital than on a home computer. What is needed is a name that is more user friendly, and represents better the relationship I believe should exist between the PC and the user. In a world where the average user is well used to the infra red controller to zap the TV, hi-fi or VCR, I suggest that Controller is a better word to use than operating system, so that is what I shall use. Current controllers have evolved as being little more than a way of users getting application programs to operate on their ...

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon In psycholinguistics, the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is that feeling that a name, word, or phrase- though momentarily unrecallable- is known and will soon be recalled. According to linguist  George Yule, the  tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon  mainly occurs with uncommon words and names. [S]peakers generally have an accurate phonological outline of the word, can get the initial sound correct and mostly know the number of syllables in the word (The Study of Language, 2014). Examples and Observations: Whats the name of that stuff I wanted to tell your mother to use?Wait a second. I know.Its on the tip of my tongue, she said.Wait a second. I know.You know the stuff I mean.The sleep stuff or the indigestion?Its on the tip of my tongue.Wait a second. Wait a second. I know.(Don DeLillo, Underworld. Scribner, 1997)You know, the actor guy! Oh, what is his name? See, the thing is, the thing is, the thing is that when I say his name, youll go, Yes! The actor guy, love him, adore him . . .. But I cant think of his name. Its on the tip of my tongue. You know who I mean. Hes got the hair, the eyes, a bit of a nose, and a mouth, and its all held together with, like, a face! (Frank Woodley, The Adventures of Lano Woodley, 1997)The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (henceforth, TOT) straddles the line between what we think of as memory and what we think of as language, two closely related cognitive domains that have been studied somewhat independently of each other. . . . The implications of whethe r TOT is memory-related or language-related has different implications. Consider the following example. Political pundits used to make fun of former President George H. Bush because of his frequent word-finding failures. Despite his obvious depth of knowledge and expertise, his speech was sometimes characterized by pauses suggesting a failure to recall a known word. His deficit was usually attributed to absent-mindedness, rather than a lack of clear thinking. In other words, it was dismissed as a language-production failure, not a more consequential memory failure. His son, President George W. Bush, suffers from a similar affliction. However, the sons speech errors (e.g., Kosovarians, subliminable) are often interpreted as a lack of knowledge, and therefore, a learning deficit; a more consequential one for a president. (Bennett L. Schwartz, Tip-of-the-Tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Routledge, 2002) The TOT state demonstrates that it is possible to hold the meaning of a word in ones mind without necessarily being able to retrieve its form. This has suggested to commentators that a lexical entry falls into two distinct parts, one relating to form and one to meaning, and that one may be accessed without the other. In assembling speech, we first identify a given word by some kind of abstract meaning code and only later insert its actual phonological form into the utterance we are planning. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2004) Also Known As: TOT Also see: Bathtub EffectMemorySlip of the TongueWhat Are Placeholders in English?

These Are The Best Jobs for People With Disabilities

These Are The Best Jobs for People With Disabilities Ever since the Americans with Disabilities Act passed in 1990, it’s illegal for employers to discriminate against employees based on mental or physical disability. This means that no employer is allowed to make hiring decisions about qualified candidates who have disabilities- and in fact, they’re not even allowed to ask about a person’s disability status. Changes  have been made to strengthen the law, extending the types of disabilities covered. And additional legislation, like the â€Å"Final Rule† of Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, amended in 2014, requires any company or agency connected to the federal government to aim for 7% of their workforce made up of employees who are differently abled.So what does all of this mean for your own job search if you happen to have a disability, like nearly one-fifth of America’s adult population? For starters, it means that you should expect to help create a level field for yourself. Employers are not allowed to use your disability as a reason not to hire you, if you’re otherwise qualified for a position- so it’s on you to make sure you are presenting your strongest qualifications.Tips for Your Job SearchBe confident. Although it may feel sometimes like your disability puts you at a disadvantage against others who may not have the same challenges, you want to go into the process full steam ahead, knowing that you bring valuable skills and experience to this new opportunity. Your disability doesn’t necessarily define you or your career, so make sure you’re emphasizing your best self. A positive attitude is one of your best assets in any job hunt, so make sure you’re giving yourself that advantage.Don’t offer more information than you need to. You don’t need to talk in-depth about any disabilities or necessary accommodations up front in an interview. The employer isn’t allowed to ask. Still, you may need to make certa in disclosures up front, or they may just be apparent to the interviewer. For example, if you use a wheelchair for mobility, this will be noticed. You are not, however, obligated to go into details about any conditions you have, or your history. Unfortunately, assumptions may be made about your ability to do a job (human nature being what it is), but you can help offset this by revealing only the most necessary information about your challenges, and shifting the focus to your strengths as a candidate.Focus on what you can do. If you have mobility issues, you can talk about how you use accommodations or tools to get from one place to another, and emphasize your stellar history of being on time. This is especially important if the job involves travel between places. If you have vision or hearing impairments, you can talk about processes you’ve come up with to manage (and excel at) tasks related to your job. This is a good chance to show off your problem solving skills, and show ing how you’ve faced and gotten past challenges. Interviewers love detailed, real-life examples that show how you’d approach problem solving on the job, so this is a chance to be proactive and take control of that narrative.Get all the information you can. There are lots of great resources for job hunters who happen to have disabilities. Make sure you’re armed with this info before you even start your job search, so you know what to expect, and what is okay/not okay as you look for your next job.You want to target your job search as much as possible, so that you can find a job where you’re able to succeed, grow, and be happy. For example, if you have mobility issues, a job that requires constant movement, or a lot of outdoor terrain, may not be ideal, so a desk-based job in an accessible building would be more suitable. Or if you have Asperger’s or an autism-spectrum disorder, a field where social interaction is limited might be the right choice- r uling out jobs like being a receptionist or salesperson, where social interactions make up the bulk of the work day.It’s about finding a job that plays to your strengths and skills, while also working with your disabilities to the extent that you’re comfortable and able to do what you need to do.Fastest-Growing Jobs  to ConsiderLet’s look at some of the fastest-growing jobs that work well for people with disabilities.Pharmaceutical Sales RepresentativeThe job: These sales reps work for pharmaceutical companies, selling products and devices to healthcare professionals who then use them for treating patients. If you have physical or medical disabilities, it can actually give you an edge if you’re not just a seller of these products, but also a beneficiary of them. It gives you an extra layer of expertise. This position typically requires a bachelor’s degree, because of the science and medical knowledge involved in the products, but no advance train ing beyond some on-the-job training.The salary: Pharmaceutical representatives make a median salary of $59,080 per year, or $28.41 per hour.The outlook: This is a field that continues to grow, as the medical needs of the population grow, and technology offers more varied treatments. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that this field will grow 7% by 2024.Accountant/AuditorThe job: Accountants and auditors work for large firms, examining and analyzing financial records. According to CareerCast, large accounting firms like PriceWaterhouseCoopers are among the top employers of people with disabilities. To become an accountant or auditor, you’ll need a bachelor’s degree in the field, as well as strong math and finance skills.The salary: Accountants and auditors make a median salary of $67,190 per year, or $32.20 per hour.The outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that this field will grow 11% by 2024.Vocational CounselorThe job: Twist! You’d be helping other people find employment, especially other people with disabilities or who face challenges in getting into the workforce. Because disabled people face an unemployment rate nearly double the national average, counselors who help people build job skills and advise on related legal and social issues.The salary: Accountants and auditors make a median salary of $56,490 per year, or $27.16 per hour.The outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that this field will grow 19% by 2024.Management ConsultantThe job: With greater opportunities in the job market in general, companies need advice and perspective on how to reach out to the disabled community, as well as insight into creating accommodations for disabled employees. For this kind of role, you should have a bachelor’s degree and a strong business background.The salary: Management consultants make a median salary of $81,320 per year, or $39.10 per hour.The outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expec ts that this field will grow 14% by 2024, as companies look for ways to diversify.Computer Support SpecialistThe job: Computer support specialists are IT professionals who manage and support computer hardware or networks for companies. Because the work is computer-based, electronic accommodations can be made for people with disabilities like blindness (braille computer displays) or deafness (voice commands). If you’re a computer whiz, this could be a great opportunity to put those skills to work, regardless of your disability.The salary: Computer support specialists make a median salary of $51,470 per year, or $24.75 per hour.The outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that this field will grow 12% by 2024, faster than average and increasing opportunities across the board for all types of computer support specialists.If any of these jobs don’t sound like quite the right fit for you, you might also want to consider going into business for yourself- after al l, what better way to put your unique skills and strengths to work? A fantastic example of this is Colette Divitto, whose booming cookie business shows the world that having Down Syndrome is not the professional limitation it once might have been. This is your career, and it’s up to you to seize your next great opportunity, regardless of disability or challenges. Good luck!

Strategic Warehouse Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Warehouse Management - Assignment Example It can assist in an entity monitor and keep track of the quantity of finished goods, raw materials and work in process the company the firm holds at hand. To make a decision on stock purchase, production schedule and allocation for warehousing needs the management would require information in the inventory control system. For small business, inventory control system through warehousing can be an efficient channel to keep cost low and efficiently deliver products that meet customer demand. For business involved export and importation warehousing helps in keeping track of the finished goods, which the shipping department uses to control and store products. It is through warehousing and inventory control system that a firm can ship products to its clients efficiently and in a timely way. Business incurs cost in delivery of goods associated with inputs and output. Every business will always aim to cut cost. Warehousing system, therefore, help control cost by controlling the amount of materials the business must keep on hand. Specific requirement are mandatory in designing the warehouse. Considering the fact that it’s a multipurpose store, the designer should be keen on ensuring warehouse space functionality and efficiency and at the same time ensuring safety and comfort-ability of the environment for the employees. Warehouse enhances productivity and control, reduce operating costs, and enhance customer service. The design should also be one that maintain a corporate image and provide for worker satisfaction. The physical aspect in terms of image and esthetics, landscaping and worker safety and comfort, are also very important consideration. First and foremost the design for the warehouse the design be based on the current and future needs of the firm. The design should be able to facilitate changes in business or agency growth, and size of staff of officers required to

Structure and meaning in literary discourse Essay

Structure and meaning in literary discourse - Essay Example (Taboada, 159) Linguistic and Literary Issue 2: Anachrony, in the form of 'flashback' or analepsis and 'flash-forward' or prolepsis, is a modern narrative technique making use of the discrepancy between the chronological order of events and the order of their presentation and "the way the revelatory analepsis is used ensures not only the structural but also the thematic unity of the narrative" in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. (Maglavera, 131) Linguistic and Literary Issue 3: The grammatical system presents the grammatical cohesion which is divided into "the reference [incorporating anaphora and cataphora], substitution, ellipsis and conjunction types," whereas lexical cohesion is broken down into "relations of repetition, synonymity, collocation, and other semantic relationships." (Taboada, 160) Linguistic and Literary Issue 4: A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens presents a compelling illustration of the use of repeated coordinating structure through the narrative techniques such as anachrony, collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution which ultimately bring about coherence and cohesion in the literary discourse. As stated above, the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens presents one of the most effective illu... f all, the temporal relationships between narrative and story or the relations of temporal ordering, through the use of revelatory analepsis, ensure structural as well as thematic unity of the narrative. It is most revealing to realise that "in A Tale of Two Cities most analepses refer to the thick mystery surrounding Dr. Manette's past life, the years of his imprisonment in France and the reasons for this." (Maglavera, 121) To comprehend the expert use of the other linguistic techniques of narration such as collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution in the novel A Tale of Two Cities, it is important to consider the use of repeated coordinating structure of the novel. The introductory passage of the novel, at its best, reveals this repeated coordinating structure. Significantly, the various categories of coordinating structure in the introductory sentences of the novel "restate previously stated ideas in a new way." (Donnelly and Donnelly, 82) Here, the subordinating sentenc es expand or analyse the various ideas which were already stated at a lower level. Thus, the introductory sentences of the novel are meaningfully connected and the concepts in the subordinating sentences are reanalysed in more detailed, more specific and less abstract language. "Such sentences," Donnelly and Donnelly observe, "explain, define, or give examples of the ideas already mentioned at a higher level and treated in a more general manner."(Donnelly and Donnelly, 82) In short, the stylistic techniques such as anachrony, collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution offer great coherence and cohesion in the narrative strategy of the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Works Cited Donnelly, Colleen and Colleen Elaine Donnelly. Linguistics for Writers. SUNY Press.

Structure and meaning in literary discourse Essay

Structure and meaning in literary discourse - Essay Example (Taboada, 159) Linguistic and Literary Issue 2: Anachrony, in the form of 'flashback' or analepsis and 'flash-forward' or prolepsis, is a modern narrative technique making use of the discrepancy between the chronological order of events and the order of their presentation and "the way the revelatory analepsis is used ensures not only the structural but also the thematic unity of the narrative" in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. (Maglavera, 131) Linguistic and Literary Issue 3: The grammatical system presents the grammatical cohesion which is divided into "the reference [incorporating anaphora and cataphora], substitution, ellipsis and conjunction types," whereas lexical cohesion is broken down into "relations of repetition, synonymity, collocation, and other semantic relationships." (Taboada, 160) Linguistic and Literary Issue 4: A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens presents a compelling illustration of the use of repeated coordinating structure through the narrative techniques such as anachrony, collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution which ultimately bring about coherence and cohesion in the literary discourse. As stated above, the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens presents one of the most effective illu... f all, the temporal relationships between narrative and story or the relations of temporal ordering, through the use of revelatory analepsis, ensure structural as well as thematic unity of the narrative. It is most revealing to realise that "in A Tale of Two Cities most analepses refer to the thick mystery surrounding Dr. Manette's past life, the years of his imprisonment in France and the reasons for this." (Maglavera, 121) To comprehend the expert use of the other linguistic techniques of narration such as collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution in the novel A Tale of Two Cities, it is important to consider the use of repeated coordinating structure of the novel. The introductory passage of the novel, at its best, reveals this repeated coordinating structure. Significantly, the various categories of coordinating structure in the introductory sentences of the novel "restate previously stated ideas in a new way." (Donnelly and Donnelly, 82) Here, the subordinating sentenc es expand or analyse the various ideas which were already stated at a lower level. Thus, the introductory sentences of the novel are meaningfully connected and the concepts in the subordinating sentences are reanalysed in more detailed, more specific and less abstract language. "Such sentences," Donnelly and Donnelly observe, "explain, define, or give examples of the ideas already mentioned at a higher level and treated in a more general manner."(Donnelly and Donnelly, 82) In short, the stylistic techniques such as anachrony, collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution offer great coherence and cohesion in the narrative strategy of the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Works Cited Donnelly, Colleen and Colleen Elaine Donnelly. Linguistics for Writers. SUNY Press.

Bank Failure Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bank Failure - Case Study Example This however, also led to the fact that banks and other financial institutions started to take on more liberty due to this financial liberalization. The removal of restrictions on capital flows allowed banks to invest into cross border projects thus assuming more risks but also allowed them to indulge into banking practices which were more risky for the overall health of the financial institutions. The subprime mortgage market failure however, forced many experts including Prof. Susan M Wachter to conclude that the subprime mortgage failure will be much worse than the expectations held by most of the market participants. (Knowledge@Wharton). Evidence indicate that the literature comprehensively provided an insight into what may actually happen due to the lending policies adapted by the banks and other financial institutions and as such if such practices continue, it may be difficult for the financial system to sustain the increasing pressures from speculative activities in which banks and financial institutions have engaged themselves into. ... ning for the developing countries however, the current financial crisis and resulting insolvencies of banks like Lehman Brothers is an ample example of how the financial system of developed world can bear the heavy cost of bank insolvencies also. This paper will discuss some of the evidence and predictions that were presented in the literature published prior to the crises and will specially focus on literature published prior to 2003. Bank Failure Caprio G & Klingbiel D (1996) is of the view that the bank insolvencies have increased since 1970s and as such the losses are significant as compared to the losses that were incurred due to such bank insolvencies prior to such episodes. What is however, significant to note that such bank insolvencies clearly indicate the misallocation of resources as banks failed to identify and book profitable projects which can self generate the cash flows to repay the loans taken against them. (Caprio and Klingebiel). This analysis captures the real practices of the banks which continued in the 21st century also where banks continue to lend into those areas which were significantly more risky hence more deterimental to the overall health of the financial system. The lending into subprime mortgage market is just one example of imprudent lending practices adapted by the banks in order to achieve higher profitability targets with a very limited and short term horizon. What is also significant to understand that there was a systematic shift towards achieving the short term results as compared to ensuring long term insolvency of the banking institutions. Another analysis by Caprio G & Klingbiel D (1996) indicating that the worst affected of the crises would be Japan and other developing countries such as Argentine and Chile. (Caprio and

Various Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Various - Coursework Example The founder of Keep a Child Alive Organization, Leigh Blake was inspired to initiate the organization in 2003 after a life changing encounter at an AIDS Research and Family Care Clinic, an institution which she funds, located in Mombasa, a coastal town in Kenya. A single mother named Anne brought her three-year-old son for medicinal care, and she refused to leave the institution until she got â€Å"drugs that you have in the States for your children.† Blake, who had been previously involved in several AIDS campaigns through her musical career background and film career, agreed to pay for the drugs that Anne’s son needed. By so doing this, the Keep a Child Alive idea was cultivated (KCA, 2014). The medications that Anne’s son needed were valued at 12000 dollars a year from New York University AIDS Research Department. It did not take long before word of Blake’s work inspired other artists, film stars, and even medical practitioners. Peter Edge became the fi rst donor and soon after music sensation; Alicia Keys joined the foundation as the Keep a Child Alive Organization (KCA) global Ambassador. In 2003, KCA- Keep a Child Alive foundation was founded officially. The Kenyan clinic that marked Blake`s turning point became a model facility to inspire other facilities in the African continent and the developing third world countries. Keep a Child Alive Foundation focuses on bringing attention of the great AIDS epidemic that threatens and shreds the population of sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of third world developing countries. Keep a Child Alive Foundation`s efforts focus primarily on sub-Saharan Africa since it is the most affected region in the world. The sub-Saharan region of Africa host`s sixty-four percent of all HIV-infected persons. The foundation facilitates access to ARV - Anti-Retroviral Virus- medicines, a wide series of support services which

Research paper politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research paper politics - Essay Example It soon became evident that the American colonies of the New World were more interested in slaves than gold, and the slave trade quickly overshadowed the gold trade. Dutch, English, Danish, and Swedish competitors weakened Portuguese control and in 1642, the Portuguese left the Gold Coast permanently although their influence continues to this day. Various European powers attempted to dominate the profitable slave trade. The Dutch West India Company operated throughout most of the eighteenth century, and the British African Company of Merchants, founded in 1750, was successor to several earlier organizations and became the dominant European power on the Gold Coast (Buah 2004). Portugal's control of West Africa was gone by the seventeenth century, and Angola was the only major area left under Portuguese control. Angola, independent at present, is strongly influenced by Portuguese culture and its official language is Portuguese. It is especially distinctive because of South African infl uence and white settler communities, as well as the harsh colonial style of the Portuguese. The area therefore has become unique in Africa. As in most Portuguese colonies, mixed race children hold a different status (Angola 2007). In addition, Angola became divided into three factions-capitalists, independent, and the dominant party at present, the Population Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). Violence, hunger and poverty marked the end of the twentieth century in Angola with peace being achieved in 2002. Even though they have gained their independence, "class, cultural, and linguistic divisions still haunt the country" (Birmingham 2006). Although France traveled to West Africa as early as 1483 and the first West African settlement was founded in the mid-seventeenth century in Senegal, it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that the French were firmly established in Cte d'Ivoire. Cte d'Ivoire, like the rest of West Africa, was subject to European influences, but absence of sheltered harbors made the area less appealing. The slave trade had little impact on the peoples of Cte d'Ivoire. Its profits were in ivory, but a decline in elephants closed down the trade by the beginning of the eighteenth century. In 1904, French West Africa consisted of Cte d'Ivoire, Dahoney (present-day Benin), Guinea, Niger, French Sudan (present-day Mali), Senegal, Upper Volta and Mauritania, ruled by the governor of Senegal, who became governor general. Most of the inhabitants of the colonies were subjects of France with no political rights (Handloff 1988). Handloff continues his history of the Ivory Coast noting that until 1958, gover nors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Cte d'Ivoire using direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivoirian participation in policy making. The French colonial administration adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite. These elite were inclined to take on the culture of the colonizers, moving away from their African heritage, and the influence of French culture continues to this day. The French-educated elites, or evolues, embodied the "African

Value Stream Mapping and Interviews with Michigan Steel Company Term Paper

Value Stream Mapping and Interviews with Michigan Steel Company - Term Paper Example The production lead time is also reduced by analyzing the primary data obtained from observing actual processes in the company’s factory. Further, this paper discusses the methods employed in the analysis and drawing of Michigan Steel Company’s value stream map. These methods are vital in the calculation of the cycle time, changeover time and uptime. The number of shifts for each worker and EPE (every part every) is also calculated. The target number of pieces is also recommended. Finally, the paper concludes by giving the results of the entire project and further discusses them giving recommendation where necessary. The value stream technique is mostly used in the design and analysis of information and material flow that will bring a product or service to the final customer or consumer. Furthermore, the technique also aims at using minimal resources whilst maximizing production. In the analysis of this one is required to draw a current state map that illustrates the whole value stream mapping technique employed. This paper shall embark on discussing the current state map for the Michigan Steel Company and evaluate is value mapping technique. In order to successfully analyze the technique at Michigan Steel Company, the entire chain of steel production is broken down into discrete levels of production and information flow. The step by step flow from production is evaluated and the lead and processing time taken to complete the production is also determined. The route taken by the product until it reaches the State Street Assembly (customer) is also illustrated in the Michigan Steel Company’s current state map situation. This paper shall then discuss this process’s methods, results and efficiency. The biggest problem met by Michigan Steel Company was the relevant optimal lead time for the entire production process. This necessitated the team to set up objectives that are oriented towards goal  achievement.  

Research paper politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research paper politics - Essay Example It soon became evident that the American colonies of the New World were more interested in slaves than gold, and the slave trade quickly overshadowed the gold trade. Dutch, English, Danish, and Swedish competitors weakened Portuguese control and in 1642, the Portuguese left the Gold Coast permanently although their influence continues to this day. Various European powers attempted to dominate the profitable slave trade. The Dutch West India Company operated throughout most of the eighteenth century, and the British African Company of Merchants, founded in 1750, was successor to several earlier organizations and became the dominant European power on the Gold Coast (Buah 2004). Portugal's control of West Africa was gone by the seventeenth century, and Angola was the only major area left under Portuguese control. Angola, independent at present, is strongly influenced by Portuguese culture and its official language is Portuguese. It is especially distinctive because of South African infl uence and white settler communities, as well as the harsh colonial style of the Portuguese. The area therefore has become unique in Africa. As in most Portuguese colonies, mixed race children hold a different status (Angola 2007). In addition, Angola became divided into three factions-capitalists, independent, and the dominant party at present, the Population Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). Violence, hunger and poverty marked the end of the twentieth century in Angola with peace being achieved in 2002. Even though they have gained their independence, "class, cultural, and linguistic divisions still haunt the country" (Birmingham 2006). Although France traveled to West Africa as early as 1483 and the first West African settlement was founded in the mid-seventeenth century in Senegal, it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that the French were firmly established in Cte d'Ivoire. Cte d'Ivoire, like the rest of West Africa, was subject to European influences, but absence of sheltered harbors made the area less appealing. The slave trade had little impact on the peoples of Cte d'Ivoire. Its profits were in ivory, but a decline in elephants closed down the trade by the beginning of the eighteenth century. In 1904, French West Africa consisted of Cte d'Ivoire, Dahoney (present-day Benin), Guinea, Niger, French Sudan (present-day Mali), Senegal, Upper Volta and Mauritania, ruled by the governor of Senegal, who became governor general. Most of the inhabitants of the colonies were subjects of France with no political rights (Handloff 1988). Handloff continues his history of the Ivory Coast noting that until 1958, gover nors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Cte d'Ivoire using direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivoirian participation in policy making. The French colonial administration adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite. These elite were inclined to take on the culture of the colonizers, moving away from their African heritage, and the influence of French culture continues to this day. The French-educated elites, or evolues, embodied the "African

Comparison six research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparison six research methods - Essay Example Longitudinal studies as well as observational studies are generally used in those places where a lot of time is taken to finally extract useful information. Questionnaire surveys are used for getting quick responses and used for pilot studies as well as feedback processes. Focus groups and Delphi techniques generally use experts as their respondents. All of the above methods have their own benefits and disadvantages. Few limitations of these market research methods have also been discussed which can be further studied and reinvented to form better and more efficient research methods. Introduction Business research is described as an organized and systematic effort which aims to investigate a specific issue or problem which has been encountered during the work setting and requires solving (Seale, 2004). The first stage in a research process is the identification of the critical problem. Once the problem has been clearly defined, the next steps include gathering information, analyzing data and solving the problem by taking necessary steps and corrective measures. Research methods Research methods are of various categories depending on the requirements of the research. These methods use different approaches, tools and techniques for conducting a research. However, they can be divided into two broad categories. Quantitative methods are generally used during development research while participatory or qualitative research is used to get desirable outcomes. Even though these research methods are continuously used in various research questions and studies, yet they are continuously being developed as well as integrated in order to gain better results (Coffey & Aktinson, 1996). A thin line of difference exists between research methods and research methodology. While research methods talks about specific activities which are created to generate data, research methodology is about the understanding as well as attitude of the researcher towards the strategy and research w hich is chosen in order to answer the research questions. Implication and Discussion Longitudinal study is a type of correlation research involving repeated observations. This type of study can extend for many years and even decades. Here the same participants are studied for a particular period (Diggle, Heagerty, Liang & Zeger, 2002). It is generally used while studying clinical events such as, HIV patients and their diseases and immunity status, across various countries and over time (Frison & Pocock, 1992). It is used in individual studies where participants are studied and tracked (Hogan & Laird, 1997). It is also used in household panel studies where people are tracked and observed within their vicinity for collecting data. Longitudinal studies are high in terms of validity. Individuals usually fail to remember previous events and even if they are insisted, they might not remember the correct data. Longitudinal studies are particularly helpful in finding out long term variation s or changes. The estimates collected in this study are more efficient compared to cross-sectional studies (Donner & Klar, 1994). However, there are certain limitations associated with longitudinal studies. Gathering results during longitudinal study is very difficult as it is time taking and tedious. More often than not, participants drop out before completion of the survey. This process is known as subject attrition and is very

White Privilege Essay Example for Free

White Privilege Essay What is white privilege? It is important that white privilege be defined because the majority of whites want to deny that it exists at all, especially in response to assertions of people of color that it exists unjustly and should be dismantled. The denial of its existence by whites is racialized. People of color say white people enjoy white privilege while white people deny, as often as possible, that they have it and that such a privilege exists. White privilege is defined (Clark, 2005), as (1a) a right, advantage, or immunity granted to or enjoyed by white persons beyond the common advantage of allWhat is white privilege? It is important that white privilege be defined because the majority of whites want to deny that it exists at all, especially in response to assertions of people of color that it exists unjustly and should be dismantled. The denial of its existence by whites is racialized. People of color say white people enjoy white privilege while white people deny, as often as possible, that they have it and that such a privilege exists. White privilege is defined (Clark, 2005), as (1a) a right, advantage, or immunity granted to or enjoyed by white persons beyond the common advantage of all others; an exemption in many particular cases from certain burdens or liabilities. (b) A special advantage or benefit of white persons; with reference to divine dispensations, natural advantages, gifts of fortune, genetic endowments, social relations, etc. (2a) A privileged position; the possession of an advantage white persons enjoy over non-white persons. (3a) The special right or immunity attaching to white persons as a social relation; prerogative. (b) Display of white privilege, a social expression of a white person or persons demanding to be treated as a member or members of the socially privileged class. (4a) To authorize or license of white person or persons what is forbidden or wrong for non-whites; to justify, excuse. (b) To give white persons special freedom or immunity from some liability or burden to which non-white persons are subject; to exempt. While many whites seem to think and believe that the notion of racial preference originated with affirmative action programs, intended to expand opportunities for historically marginalized people of color, racial preference has had a very long and very White Privilege 3 white history. Even if most whites were willing to acknowledge the existence of white privilege they would likely have no explanation for the privileges afforded them every minute of every day of their lives. They simply take it for granted. Affirmative action was the guiding principle of segregation for most whites. It was used to motivate racially restrictive housing policies while people of color were excluded from the same programs. It is hardly an exaggeration by people of color to say that white America is the biggest collective recipient of racial preference in the history of the universe. They have skewed our laws, shaped public policy and have helped to create the more obvious inequalities with which we live. According to (Bell, 1995), black people need reform of our civil rights strategies as badly as those in the law needed a new way to consider American jurisprudence prior to the advent of the Legal Realists. The debate about racism in America revolves around achieving diversity. Focusing on diversity means that questions of history and power go unasked and unanswered. Without an understanding of the history of racism in America, and the enduring imbalances of power, wealth, status and privilege, further progress toward racial justice is unlikely (Allen, 1994). Racial oppression is a set of strategies for social exploitation (Allen, 2003). The institutions of slavery were established in order to secure benefits for white people at the expense of African slaves and their American born descendants. One way to think about the benefits of exploitations, according to (Berger, 1999), is in terms of racialized social privilege? patterns of social privilege and benefit, including exemptions from harm and burden, which accrue to racial groups at the expense of others. The short hand term for White Privilege 4 these patterns in American society is white privilege. Economic benefits are at the core of white privilege. The vast pool of labor provided by slavery, from which both Northern industrialists and Southern plantation owners benefited, is one of the founding sources of the American economy. African Americans continue to struggle with economic legacy of an unjust history. Poor and working class whites strongly object to the idea of white privilege, stating or pointing out what they consider the obvious, that not every white person has wealth and power. There are other benefits that accrue or come as a natural right to white people, including one which W. E. B. DuBois called the psychological wages of whiteness. (Williams, 2004) This refers to that age old membership in the privileged group, even for whites on the bottom rung, confers a social status and recognition which is denied to all but the most powerful members of oppressed groups. The history of racial oppression in American is not disputed. However, what is disputed is whether and to what extent, four hundred (400) years of oppression continues to harm African Americans and other minorities and their life chances unjustly; and conversely, whether that history of oppression continues to benefit white Americans unjustly. Systems of oppression are not established unless they are a means of benefit. There is no reason for people of color to believe that social institutions and power structures no longer dispense benefits and harms racially. When we examine the way benefits and harms are apportioned in the U. S. , including wealth, income, equality of our court system, treatment from the police, access to colleges, universities and even the political symbolism of state flags, what we see are White Privilege 5 exercises and expressions of white privilege. As a group, white people have more income, wealth, political representation, status, power, and social reinforces of their human dignity and self respect than any group in America. If history is any guide, expecting white America to voluntarily open the corridors of power to people of color aintt gonna happen. These privileges have been enjoyed by white people unjustly. The struggle by people of color to obtain freedom, justice and dignity is as old as this nation, and racial equality, unfortunately, is not a realistic goal.

The Politics of Minimum Wage Essay -- Political Science Research Paper

The federally mandated minimum wage has been a divisive political issue in American politics since it first came into effect in 1938 under the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR advocated for the minimum wage with the argument that â€Å"all but the hopelessly reactionary will agree that to conserve our primary resources of manpower, government must have some control over maximum hours, minimum wages, the evil of child labor, and the exploitation of unorganized labor† (Greene 2013). This idea led to the passage of the first minimum wage law in American history, twenty five cents an hour (Greene 2013). Prior to the passage of this law, several state minimum wage laws had been struck down as an unconstitutional prohibition of workers’ rights to set the price for their own labor. However, in 1941, the Supreme Court case U.S v Darby Lumber Co upheld the federal minimum wage, overturning the precedent it had set for state level minimum wages. The Court dismissed the ar gument that Darby Lumber did not engage in interstate commerce based on the commerce clause and stated that Congress had the constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce, along with intrastate commerce that directly affected interstate commerce (U.S v Darby Lumber Co.1941). Justice Stone, writing for the majority stated that Congress â€Å"May chose the means reasonably adapted to the attainment of the permitted end (the minimum wage) even though they involve the control of intrastate activities. Such legislation has often been sustained with respect to powers other than the commerce power granted to the national government, when the means chosen, although not themselves within the granted power, were nevertheless deemed appropriate aids to the accomplishment of some... ...mieson, Dave. â€Å"Obama State of the Union Address: President Calls for raising the Minimum Wage,† Huffington Post. 13 February 2013. Armstrong, Ari â€Å"Minimum Wage Laws: Economically Harmful Because Immoral,† The Objective Standard. 7 March 2013. â€Å"Tipped Workers: Information† Raisetheminimumwage.com. U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"Bureau of Labor Unemployment Statistics: October 2013,† DOL.gov. U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"Minimum Wage by State,† DOL.gov. Worstall, Tim, â€Å"The Absurdity of a $15 Minimum Wage,† Forbes. 1 September 2013. Hanauer, Nick. â€Å"The Capitalist Case for a $15 minimum wage† Bloomberg News. 19 June 2013. Dreier, Peter. â€Å"Raising the Minimum Wage is good for Business (but the corporate lobby doesn’t think so,† Huffington Post. 23 February 2013. Internal Revenue Service, â€Å"EITC 2012.† Other source authors are directly stated in text. The Politics of Minimum Wage Essay -- Political Science Research Paper The federally mandated minimum wage has been a divisive political issue in American politics since it first came into effect in 1938 under the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR advocated for the minimum wage with the argument that â€Å"all but the hopelessly reactionary will agree that to conserve our primary resources of manpower, government must have some control over maximum hours, minimum wages, the evil of child labor, and the exploitation of unorganized labor† (Greene 2013). This idea led to the passage of the first minimum wage law in American history, twenty five cents an hour (Greene 2013). Prior to the passage of this law, several state minimum wage laws had been struck down as an unconstitutional prohibition of workers’ rights to set the price for their own labor. However, in 1941, the Supreme Court case U.S v Darby Lumber Co upheld the federal minimum wage, overturning the precedent it had set for state level minimum wages. The Court dismissed the ar gument that Darby Lumber did not engage in interstate commerce based on the commerce clause and stated that Congress had the constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce, along with intrastate commerce that directly affected interstate commerce (U.S v Darby Lumber Co.1941). Justice Stone, writing for the majority stated that Congress â€Å"May chose the means reasonably adapted to the attainment of the permitted end (the minimum wage) even though they involve the control of intrastate activities. Such legislation has often been sustained with respect to powers other than the commerce power granted to the national government, when the means chosen, although not themselves within the granted power, were nevertheless deemed appropriate aids to the accomplishment of some... ...mieson, Dave. â€Å"Obama State of the Union Address: President Calls for raising the Minimum Wage,† Huffington Post. 13 February 2013. Armstrong, Ari â€Å"Minimum Wage Laws: Economically Harmful Because Immoral,† The Objective Standard. 7 March 2013. â€Å"Tipped Workers: Information† Raisetheminimumwage.com. U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"Bureau of Labor Unemployment Statistics: October 2013,† DOL.gov. U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"Minimum Wage by State,† DOL.gov. Worstall, Tim, â€Å"The Absurdity of a $15 Minimum Wage,† Forbes. 1 September 2013. Hanauer, Nick. â€Å"The Capitalist Case for a $15 minimum wage† Bloomberg News. 19 June 2013. Dreier, Peter. â€Å"Raising the Minimum Wage is good for Business (but the corporate lobby doesn’t think so,† Huffington Post. 23 February 2013. Internal Revenue Service, â€Å"EITC 2012.† Other source authors are directly stated in text.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) Written and Contributed by SUGABUGA456 Edgar Allan Poe was one of America’s famous poets, fiction short-story writers, and literary critics. He is known as the first master of short story form especially in tales of horror, and mystery. The work he produced was considered to be some of the most influential literary criticism of his time. His poems made him one of the most famous figures in American literary history. His influence on literature is seen in all literature books in schools everywhere. Some of his famous writings is that of "Annabel Lee"; his detective story, "The Murders in Rue Morgue"; "The Pit and the Pendulum" and "The Tell-Tale Heart" are the best among his horror stories; and The Raven one of his best poems which among all these, made him very famous in 1845. "The Fall of the House of Usher", and "The Masque of the Red Death", made him a forerunner of symbolism, and impres sionism. Poe antagonized many people with a scathing campaign against an American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow for supposed plagiarism. Later that year Poe admitted to being drunk, which further separated him from the public. Poe’s later years were full of economic hardship and ill health. Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. He was orphaned at the early age of two, his father deserted the family and his mother died all before he was three in 1811, then Poe became a ward and was raised as a foster child by John Allan, a wealthy merchant of tobacco, and his wife Frances in Richmond, VA but they never legally adopted him. Taken by the Allan family to England at the age of six, Poe was placed in a private school. In 1826 Poe enrolled at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. where he acquired gambling debts that John Allan refused to pay. Eventually, Poe was forced to withdraw from the university, and Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe’s engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. His relationship with Allan was declined and he moved from his foster father and enlisted in the army. Also in 1827, he went to Boston where he wrote his fist book "Tamerlane and other poems" that he sold for $.12 a copy but it didn’t sell. He served a two year term while waiting for an appointment to the US Military Academy.

Differences and Inequalities Essay

This essay will provide examples of inequalities and differences using information from City Road (The Open University, 2014) and the observations I have made which are similar on my street and how they affect society. Class, age, wealth, education, disability and even sexuality are seen as differences among those who lack access to these resources and therefore experience inequalities. Inequality is when a person is unable to do the same as someone else due to barriers. As seen in Connecting Lives (The Open University, 2014a) the inequalities that Stephen Sweetman (who uses a wheelchair) endures are due to the design of the built environment and due to this I see the physical exclusion this has on his life. One of the main issues on my street is most shop entrances have steps. This makes it inaccessible for people who have a disability and these impact their choices and their access to resources. The recent location change to our Bus Station which use to be located in the town centre where easy access to the high street and all the shops was quick and virtually obstacle free, now it has been moved outside the high street and to get to the main shops you now have to walk along way and it is harder on the elderly, disabled and families with young children in pushchairs. The new location is a lot smaller but has the same volume of people using the area, currently the pathway is being used as a waiting area bringing disorder and people’s safety is at risk the pathway is crowded and you have to walk in the road to get by. Local councils can help to ensure differences do not develop in to inequalities by clearing rubbish frequently and making sure the streets are clean from things like dog mess, chewing gum and that the street lights are maintained and bollards, signage and road markings are visible. John Arthur’s story The Life and Times of the Street: Part 1 [Video], (The Open University, 2014a) is another clear example of inequalities and differences on City Road. He is a homeless person but his life experiences connect with other people in similar circumstances. Looking at these connections I see patterns of inequalities and differences but also on a  wider scale within the homeless, unemployed and people on a low wage in British society. On my street homeless people are often seen in doorways, sleeping rough, begging for money or food. What, how and why have their individual experiences led them to live their lives this way and make them feel excluded from society? The Mackintosh Centre, The Life and Times of the Street: Part 1 (The Open University, 2014a) explains that the sports centre is perceived by some local people as an exclusive place and they know its history, how it was transformed from the home of a wealthy landowner to a community sports centre. However the stigma of the wealth surrounded by the history of the building and the financial inequality barrier has lead to people assuming they would not be welcome. Changes in individual circumstances can lead to variations in differences which also affect how they see themselves within the society. The Food Bank (The Open University, 2014a) offers people help while they have financial misfortune. The people that use the food bank do so out of necessity and do not have a choice in the food they are given. This is in great contrast to the people who go to the supermarkets or the farmers’ markets and choose what they like. City Road has many different businesses and over time as on my street these businesses have changed making and remaking the street introducing different ethnic groups. One building on my street was once a bank, now it is run as an American themed restaurant and sells food and beverages based on America. Their clientele who frequent this establishment do so as a choice, whereas people who are less fortunate and have limited or no income have to use food banks. This essay has covered Differences and Inequalities on City Road (The Open University, 2014) and how these are comparable or diverse to my street. I have found patterns in social life regarding individual stories and how people’s life experiences change how they perceive their belonging to the street. I have looked at Inequalities and how the order and disorder on the street can influence how people go about their everyday lives. References Blakeley, G. and Staples, M. (2014) ‘The life and times of the street’, in Allen, J. and Blakeley, G. (eds) (2014) Understanding Social Lives, Part 1, Milton Keynes: The Open University. The Open University (2014a) ‘The Life and Times of the street: Part 1’ [Video], DD102 Introducing the social sciences. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/veiw.php?id=443760 §ion=2.3 (Accessed 4 November 2014). The Open University (2014a) ‘Inequalities on the street’: Part 2’ [Video], DD102 Introducing the social sciences. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/veiw.php?id=443760 §ion=2.2 (Accessed 4 November 2014).

Cause and Effects of Watching Too Much Television Essay

Cause and effects of watching too much television Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan. Television was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings. People mainly watch television for entertainment especially when they are bored or â€Å"have nothing to do†. It is also used for relaxing, as most people like to sit and back and relax while watching their favourite television show. Watching the television however, may become addictive and a hard habit to break. There are many effects of watching too much television. One of the physiological effects of watching television in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there are specifications for watching television; television should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, television should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching television for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching television and eating snacks everyday (there is even a term â€Å"television snacks† to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the television). Television is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it – it is addictive. Apart from the physiological effects, television also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on television, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax n front of the television, and generally people prefer watching television to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces. Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them. Television is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only – being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching too much television.

Formation of Psychology Essay

Many Philosophers majorly influenced the development of modern psychology in the nineteenth century. In this essay, I will begin by discussing three of the major eastern philosophers that contributed to the formation of psychology as a discipline. I will then discuss the development of psychology during the nineteenth century and the contributions made by these philosophers. Human behavior is a subject that has been thought about for centuries but was not properly recorded until scientific experimentation was performed. There were many major philosophers responsible for the  development of psychology but I will focus on John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. These philosophers are significant in the development of psychology as a discipline and without them; psychology would not be what it is today. John Locke, 1632-1704, was the founder of British Empiricism. He spent his life mainly as a lecturer and tutor, but also as a philosopher, politician, diplomat, and was also trained in medicine. Locke’s main belief was that upon birth, the mind is a blank slate and would be written upon one’s personal  experiences; meaning that you come into this life with no prior knowledge and everything you learn is what you have perceived in your time while living. Goodwin (2008) states that Locke believed that every idea we have comes from only two sources, sensation and reflection. Sensation refers to the way our mind processes information grasped through our sensation in a given environment while reflection refers to information we have processed with the use of our senses and our memory. Locke argued against the use of punishment in children; which makes a great deal of impact on  psychological behavior and a child’s willingness to act out. George Berkeley was born in Ireland and lived from the year 1685 to the year 1753. Throughout his years, he lived as a philosopher, deacon and missionary. His theories from the seventeenth century developed into Materialism in the nineteenth century. His work on vision was the first systematic example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception. Berkeley made theories of how the perceptions of objects depend on experience and instead of us seeing things  straight on; we judge them on our experiences of distance and size. Berkeley poses a threat to the act of free will through determinism, which is the belief that something causes every event. Materialism is the theory that the only existing things are matter or energy; all things are made up of atoms and each event is the result of material interactions. Without Berkeley’s contributions to the development of materialism, psychology would not include the argument of perception. Each individual perceives each instance in a different way; an object I may judge as being a yard away  could be perceived as five yards away for another. David Hume was known for the development of the Rules of Association. He was born in Scotland, in the year 1711 and died in the year of 1776. Hume believed that all similar or simultaneous ideas are somehow associated with one another. He came up with three laws to support his theories: resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect. Goodwin (2008) summarized Hume as being known for making a distinction between impressions, which resulted from sensation, and ideas, which were faint copies of impressions. The development of psychology as a discipline was greatly impacted by David Hume, without his contributions to the Rules of Association modern day psychology would still be questioning the relationships of thoughts and patterns between one another. Hume’s contributions expanded through more theories outside of the Rules of Association and included sentimentalism, emotivism, ethical expressivism, non-cognitivism, and the error theory. The research and theories he provided played roles in the development in all of the fore listed theories making Hume a philosopher that played great impact in the development of psychology. The nineteenth century brought great advances in science in many areas from steel to electricity but also brought many advances in the science of psychology. In the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin’s theories developed into Darwinism. Sigmund Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis, which compromised the idea of human beings having rationality and free will. The newly developed theories in the nineteenth century caused an uprising suggesting that we do not 1 / 2  know the universe, whereas, the prior sciences suggested a clear thinking, all-knowing world. The science of Psychology has slowly been in development since the fourth and fifth centuries. Although the science has grown dramatically since the beginning, it still relies on its roots of philosophy. Without the great impact of the world’s best philosophers, the science of psychology would not be what it is today. References: Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed. ). : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapters 1 & 2. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).   

Administration Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Administration Decisions - Essay Example A school can function to the fullest if the families and the community it is established are involved. One type of school, a community school is unique in that it includes in its program an integrated model that considers stakeholders in the community such as partners, administrators, teachers, parents and students (Jacobson, Hodges, and Martin 18). A community school does not only uphold the academics and youth development, but also support for the family, grant of social services and development of the community as a whole (18). In working with partners, a school community recognizes the different needs of students both in academic and non-academic spheres (20). Thus, the school site team works toward the alignment of activities with the vision of the school. The partners in turn work in congruence with the total improvement plan of the school (20). The role of the principal in the school and the community cannot be overemphasized. The principal must be aware that the community sch ool belongs to the community and should interact with the latter for total success (20). In connection with this, the principal should welcome the resources offered by the stakeholders and partners of the school (20). ... The School of Cooperative Technical Education (under the NYC Department of Education), on the other hand, provides career training for skills development to grades 11 and 12 students. The CAS Bronx Family Center also provides holistic physical, dental and mental health diagnosis to both students and parents of Fannie Lou. The health educators of CAS advise students on health and preventing pregnancy. The social workers based in the school provide mental health advises and intervention services during crisis. The school gives emergency relief to the family of a student who is evicted from home. The Oyler Elementary School (in Cincinnati, Ohio) was converted into a community school that includes high school offering. This was made possible through the partnering of families and members of the community with the Cincinnati Public Schools (20). The transformation of the school into a community school that allowed it to offer a K-12 program enabled students to enroll in high school for th e first time. Previously, no student in the neighborhood was able to avail of high school education. The Cincinnati Health Department has a clinic inside the school so that students can avail of health, dental and vision care services (21). Mentoring and tutorial services are given by more than 400 volunteers who visit the school weekly to students on an individual basis. The school also partnered with the Cincinnati Early Learning Centers and other partners to provide support to infants, children and their parents. In Glencliff High School, transforming it into a community school set up has allowed it sponsor numerous programs together with its partners, such as the

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare and contrast - Essay Example In Sonny’s Blues, the narrator laments about the darkness and hopelessness in his community, which were traits that existed in his ancestor’s communities and still continue to trouble youth in his generation. Sonny’s brother weeps for the boys of his community because they use heroin and other drugs, yet it seems that they are pushed into drug-taking and selling simply because other prospects for success do not exist. As he rides through the streets of Harlem, he finds history repeating itself through the youth of his time; it is almost as if black people have no hope but to resign to their fate. Likewise, Barton Fink also lives in a world where he can do little to change his circumstances; initially he seemed like a successful playwright, in charge of his world. However, when his agent informs him of an opportunity to transition into film by working in Hollywood, Fink jumps at the opportunity. Little does he know that once he signs the contract, he will be entra pped in the highly demanding, yet unforgiving world of filmmaking. Barton is frustrated when he dances and celebrates about completing his script, only to realize that his boss Lipnick thinks it is too rosy to be any good. The Capital Pictures owner then decides that he will punish Barton by keeping him in the studio even though none of Barton’s films will be produced there. Therefore, the budding writer must honor terms of his contract without necessarily gaining from them materially or professionally, so he is entrapped by the employment system. Writing films is a flaky affair, where writers surrender themselves to the whims of their eccentric employers; most of them may hold a lot of promise but may never realize it when they get into the wrong deal (Dunne 308). If something minor occurs, it is likely that those same individuals will get blamed for it, and everything else that