Training on Local Employees in Asian Hospitality Industry Research Paper

Preparing on Local Employees in Asian Hospitality Industry - Research Paper Example One essential understanding that should be investigated in this proposed research study is the contrast between European initiative and Asian workers at the social level. European HR administrators for the most part hail from societies that are globalized and have a long-standing industrialized and business history. A lot of this impact has originated from Western nations, for example, the United States, that went about as the structure for a significant part of the advanced HR standards being utilized in an assortment of ventures today. European pioneers are from individualistic social orders, under Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Framework, whereby chiefs and representatives esteem self-articulation and autonomy in the working environment and will in general worth individual objective accomplishment over that of gathering objective setting and gathering focused prizes (Blodgett, Bakir and Rose, 2008). In this sort of association or culture, individualists look for more dynami c position and employment job self-sufficiency so as to stay faithful and fulfilled so they can become execution situated and try to meet key objectives. This individualistic demeanor drives most of their HR arrangements as it identifies with representative preparing and learning. In Asian societies, be that as it may, there is a solid, authentic pattern toward community. This sort of social qualities bunch standards and gathering connection over individualized articulation where â€Å"they see themselves as an individual from a more distant family, place bunch interests in front of individual needs, and worth response of favors and regard for tradition† (Blodgett et al, p.339). Representatives that have solid collectivist qualities frequently look for sentiment and systems administration from peers and work well in organized, unified administration progressions. Collectivists regularly esteem rules and guidelines and look for progressing authority nearness in their activity jobs and don't work most viably when left to self-sufficient occupation capacities.

Islam and Muslim Contact Unit Free Essays

The term â€Å"Islamophobia† was first utilized in print in 1991 and was characterized in the Runnymede Trust Report as â€Å"unfounded threatening vibe towards Islam, and along these lines dread or abhorrence of all or most Muslims. † The word has been authored in light of the fact that there is another reality which needs naming †hostile to Muslim bias has developed so extensively thus quickly as of late that another thing in the jargon is required with the goal that it very well may be recognized and acted against. (Sajid 2005) The term â€Å"Islamophobia† was authored by method of similarity to â€Å"xenophobia†, which is an abhorrence or dread of individuals from different nations or of that which is seen to be outside or abnormal. We will compose a custom article test on Islam and Muslim Contact Unit or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now A few definitions recommend xenophobia as emerging from nonsensicalness or delirium; this can likewise be said for islamophobia. Islamophobia can be portrayed by the conviction that all or most Muslims are strict enthusiasts, have fierce propensities towards non-Muslims, and reject ideas, for example, fairness, resistance, and vote based system. It is another type of bigotry where Muslims, an ethno-strict gathering, are built as a race. A lot of negative suspicions are made of the whole gathering to the weakness of individuals from that gathering. During the 1990s numerous sociologists and social article essayist toronto examiners watched a move in bigot thoughts from ones dependent on skin shading to ones dependent on ideas of social prevalence and otherness. (Sajid 2005) In Britain and other European or Western nations, Manifestations of against muslim antagonistic vibe has been exemplified in numerous verbal just as physical assaults on Muslims in broad daylight places and assaults on mosques and spoiling of Muslim graveyards. Prior to 9/11, in Western nations negative generalizations and comments in talks by political pioneers, inferring that Muslims are less dedicated than others to vote based system and the standard of law. There was an ascent in the quantity of detest wrongdoings against Muslims in London in 2010, these abhor violations were being energized by standard government officials and segments of the media, an investigation composed by a previous Scotland Yard counter-fear based oppression official, distributed January 26, 2010, says that assaults going from death dangers and murder to relentless low-level ambushes, for example, spitting and verbally abusing, are to a limited extent prepared by fanatics and segments of standard society. Lambert headed Scotland Yard’s Muslim contact unit, which improved relations between the police and Britain’s Islamic people group. The examination makes reference to no papers or journalists by name, however affirms that the book Londonistan, by the Mail essayist Melanie Phillips, had an influence in activating scorn wrongdoings. Londonistan is a book about the spread of Islamism in the United Kingdomâ over the previous twenty years. At the point when London was hit by self destruction planes in July 2005, the skeleton in the closet was at last out. Incredible Britain had been the European center of Islamist fanaticism for over 10 years. Under the noses of British insight, a system of psychological militants and their supporters had utilized Britain to plot, money, enlist and train for barbarities in the United States and around the globe. The size of this action was huge to such an extent that exasperated European security offices named Britain’s capital city Londonistan. (Phillips 2006). In Europe and in America also, it tends to be seen in across the board and routine antagonistic generalizing in the media and regular talk in manners that would not be worthy if the reference were, for instance, to Jewish or dark individuals. (Dodd 2010) Islamophobia is increased by various relevant elements. One of these is the way that a high extent of exiles are Muslims. Trashing of evacuees is consequently much of the time a coded assault on Muslims, for the words â€Å"Muslim,† â€Å"asylum-seeker,† â€Å"refugee,† and â€Å"immigrant† become equal in the well known creative mind. For this situation, the normal encounters of foreigner networks with joblessness, dismissal, distance and savagery have joined with Islamophobia to make mix extremely troublesome. This has driven Muslim people group to endure more elevated levels of joblessness, poor lodging, unexpected weakness and more elevated levels of racially roused savagery than different networks. (sajid 2010). For instance, in 2003, when the Home Office created a banner about supposed double dealing and contemptibility among individuals looking for haven, it decided to delineate its interests by concentrating on somebody with a Muslim name. France has been wracked by strains over its quickly developing Muslim minority. Another case of this would France prohibiting the wearing of Islamic shroud and other face covers prior this year, guaranteeing they were both debasing and a security hazard. Belgium has passed comparable enactment, and Switzerland prohibited the structure of minarets, the tall towers which frequently remain close to mosques. Ghazi 2006) A huge issue that powers the flames in the fight against Islamophobia is the drawing of kid's shows irritating the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. All the more explicitly, this issue started after 12â editorial kid's shows, the greater part of whichâ depictedâ the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were distributed in the Danish newspaper Jylla nds-Postenâ on September 30, 2005. These Danish visual artists focused on Muhammad as an approach to assault the Muslims’ opportunity of free discourse and religion. In Muslim social orders offending Muhammad is the gravest all things considered; likewise thought about profanation and deserving of death. Tragically, a few occasions that followed these put-down toward Muhammad finished in numerous passings. The Organization of the Islamic Conference has upbraided requires the passing of the Danish visual artists. The undeniable refusal of this solicitation caused assaults on honest people and mobs all over Europe. A few demonstrations included shelling of Christians at chapel, consuming of houses of worship, butchering guiltless youngsters and different regular citizens, and one explicit episode included slaughtering honest train travelers. Indeed, even before the Jyllands-Posten riots, there were a lot of hostile to Muslim acts in Europe. One of which was the Dutch lawmaker Pim Fortuyn’s death in 2002 for his enemy of Islamic perspectives. He considered Islam a â€Å"backward culture† and needed to stop Muslim movement. After his passing his gathering made its introduction in Parliament with a 17% seat share demonstrating how well known he was around then. Another case of Europe’s hostile to Muslim perspectives just as the Islam’s’ bigotry for the deprecating of their way of life is the death of Theo van Gogh In 2004. Van Gogh coordinated a short film called Submission which attempted to feature the job of ladies in Islam. While the film came in for a ton of analysis, van Gogh was killed around the same time over the film. In particular, the dread of Muslims turned out to be progressively common in the United States after the occasions that happened on September 11, 2001. So as to examine Muslim Americans’ encircling in the news media after 9/11, it is essential to concentrate on two explicit periods; the initial half year time frame after the assaults and the period after the primary commemoration of September 11. The two time frames are significant in light of the fact that the news system totally changed during these two scenes. In the main quick a half year after 9/11, the media portrayal was exceptionally positive, extensive, visit and relevant. Nonetheless, after the primary commemoration of 9/11, the media inclusion changed. It turned out to be extremely negative, cliché and selective. By the primary commemoration of September 11, the depiction of Muslim Americans in both print and link news had totally moved from the more continuous, positive, contextual,â thematic, engaging and complete inclusion to an increasingly visit, negative, stereotypical,â episodicâ and restrictive inclusion. The portion of giving an account of Muslim Americans declined, abhor violations soar and the positive open view of Muslims that was made in the quick time frame after 9/11 decreased. In the end, this negative impression of Muslims showed itself through enemy of Islamic uproars and disdain of Muslim Americans in up and coming years. (Amiri 2012) September 11, 2001, and the days that followed created solid emotions among non-Muslims just as among Muslims in Europe. At the point when individuals feel frail and disappointed they are inclined to hit out with vicious language: â€Å"You don’t have a place here,† or â€Å"Get out of my nation now; England is for white humanized English individuals! † are instances of the sort of rough language that was utilized in email messages to the Muslim Council of Britain quickly following the assaults. These messages are noteworthy, for they communicated perspectives and recognitions that are broad among non-Muslims and that are repeating segments of Islamophobia. Allen 2002) While over in the western side of the equator, the American government was attempting to guarantee the Americans residents of their security. In the initial not many days following 9/11 there were different news thrown addressing residents, legislators, and government authorities of what precisely went on that day. Be that as it may, what most Americans truly needed to know was whether they can be protected realizing that individuals of a similar race and religion as the psychological militants were strolling the avenues. In spite of the fact that there was dread struck into the hearts of American residents, Americans were too better than average to even think about evening consider lashing out on Muslim Americans. That as well as American didn’t think even about their way of life, religion, or race to abhor them to degree that Europeans do. (Schwartz 2010). At the point when it came time to get the purpose of perspectives from the horse’s mouth, Muslim Americans were all the more regularly shrouded in the news and more frequently met as sources than before the occasions of 9/11. They were allowed to represent themsel

Feeling Good

Feeling Good I’m in my room, clacking away on my laptop, my fingers slowly defrosting, bits of ice forced into my intestines (by Cambridge’s spooky weather) slowly melting, and I feel pretty good. It’s been a while I typed up something that wasn’t a p-set or a study paper, a consequence of the past three weeks sapping so much time. The barrage of classes, problem-sets and exams all culminated in two midterms this past Monday, alongside a p-set I turned in one Ed Sheeran song before the deadline. Needless to say, I spent a large amount of time yesterday going through way too many equations, free-body diagrams and cancer-modeling pictures, splayed in different positions. Sometimes, I work sprawled on my bed, usually when I’m reading. Mostly, I hunch over a “makeshift” tableâ€"what kind of makeshift, you definitely don’t want to know. A few times, I sit on the floor and try to think things through. For rather difficult problems, sitting seems kind of hard to do while thinking of solutions, so I like to walk around in small circles, muttering to myself, twirling my fingers in the air, undoubtedly looking insane to any invisible observers. There are these spurts of time that feel like a great, cool intake of air after you’ve held your breath for way too long, spurts that come typically after curling the final integral sign onto the last problem of a p-set or after drawing a sad smiley on the final page of a difficult midterm and hoping you get credit for the dimples. And suddenly, you’re kind of…free? Only for a while, but yes, it feels like temporary freedom, to just take a breath and relax without feeling too guilty. This is quite the rant, and I guess it’s one born of euphoria. I’m done with midterms for the semester. No more exams until the Finals roll around in the middle of next month. There are still p-sets though, but we can forget about those for now. For now, I feel good. I also felt good last Friday. I had just finished a calculus midterm exam…and it felt odd because that was the first time in MIT I had completed an exam with several minutes to spare. This wasn’t why I felt good though. I turned in my exam paper and headed to my dorm. On arrival, I saw my name on the big screen in the Foo Lounge of Random Hall, the screen that indicates the presence of mail. I wasn’t expecting a package, so I was curious. My first thought had been something along the lines that my international secret government spy cover had been blown, and ninjas had left some device of doom thatoh, oh, it’s just a basket. But when I took the small wrapped basket from the friendly front desk person, I realized it wasn’t just a basket. It was full of candy, chocolate-covered pretzel sticks, gummy bears, crackers, and a note from my roommate, saying in the last few lines: “thanks for being an awesome roommate; I would probably be crying in a hole right now if you weren’t here.” Me? Awesome? Clumsy, sure, but awesome? Needless to say, I stood there, smiling as widely as any person could, the ends of my mouth probably whipping past my ears in a curl. It was both unexpected and delightful, and I was grateful for it. The Cambridge Weather, to which we shall now address as Evil, saw to it that my happiness was as short-lived as possible, bringing howling winds and a spirit-drenching cold that night and the following day. The only upside to that was being able to breathe out and see white puffs of air float out like ghosts, while wondering if that was movie-esque (yes, that word is made up). However, even with multiple layers of clothingâ€"sometimes in questionable combinations of jackets, sweaters and hoodiesâ€"I still felt like I was navigating the deepest parts of a gigantic refrigerator. Over the rest of the weekend, I watched the MIT Chorallaries astound a large crowd with incredible singing, explored a bit of Cambridge, felt my dorm literally shake (construction nearby, old building, long story), spammed a mailing list with nothing but “eom”, ran around a maze of students that had brought energy, enthusiasm and cameras for the Splash weekend, and eventually got around to studying for my two midterms. Physics went fine; Biology went a whole lot better than the last time, although one of the questions about single nucleotide polymorphism chips, vaguely resembling a computer-science/advanced-combinatorics hybrid had me stumped. I have since thenâ€"by which I mean, a few seconds agoâ€"found out the answers, and have a good mind to kick myself in the head. 7.012â€"Intro Bioâ€"is definitely a very challenging intro GIR; it also has its moments. Recently, a lot of it. Beyond learning about the cold, hard facts of vesicular microsomes and transcription factors, we sometimes delve into the human workings behind those facts, the little strokes of luck that brought about certain major discoveries, the simple experiments that paved way for larger, more complex ones…and I recently got a sense of something, from one of the classes in which Eric Lander tied in everything we had learned thus far to developing drugs for a certain heart disease. I got the sense of how beyond the 1400 pages of our textbook and the words uttered in class, beyond the teeth-kicking problem sets, everything we had learned in 7.012 this semester connected like meshing gears to hold up the fabric of the world. It felt like if I really thought about these things, genomic variation, nucleotide mutations, the workings of immunology, I could see them taking on bigger forms, yielding impacts. I’m in my first semester at MIT, and I’ve struggled a lot with Biology, but I’ve also been amazed by it, and understand that over the course of the upcoming semesters, MIT is going to split my mind open. My vague appreciation of how the things we learn in class can actually translate into changing the world in some not-at-all-over-idealized way is probably going to bloom. And it feels like…it just feels like MIT is preparing us to go out there and make those impacts. I’ve never really sat down and thought to myself, “I can make a huge difference…” because on the surface, that might sound silly and nothing more than proverbial, but in 7.012, I realize it isn’t. Serendipity would play a role somewhere; a lot of it would have to come from a great amount of hard work, but MIT saw something in me, and in everyone else that calls the Institute home, and MIT said, “You can do it.” However, MIT also likely sees it in people that may never call the Institute home. The first round of admissions decisions will be out soon, and the committee is going carefully through thousands of applications, digging themselves into your lives. Hopefully, they’ll come to understand the things that get you excited, the little segments of your lives that blend like jigsaw puzzles to define you. They’ll have to make extremely tough decisions, but regardless of the outcome, there’s a hope and energy that echoed in the pagesâ€"or pdf filesâ€"of your applications, one that shouldn’t ultimately hinge on a letter of acceptance or rejection. Very soon, in a blog post or two, I’m going to talk about the journey that led me to MIT, about the events that took place during the gap year that could easily have had me elsewhere. And I think the one thing I understood from reflecting on that now is thisâ€"I had things I had woven myself so deeply around that they were a part of me, ideas or activities that got me bristling, bubbling, overwhelmed. Those things were a big part of me when I sent in my application, and the outcome of the admissions committee’s decision existed totally independent of how strongly I felt and still feel about them. MIT is preparing everyone here to make a palpable difference in the world, but what exactly does this mean? The most important tools we have are our zeals, our enthusiasms, our brimming ideas, clashing, mingling, as the resources are set forth before us, but ultimately, anything we do hinges far more on who we areâ€"before we applied here, after we got our letters of acceptance and rejection from wherever we appliedâ€"and on having the sense that, because we’ll still love science experiments, or art, or the bliss of music, or Ultimate Frisbee regardless of anything, we’ll be able to use them as a platform for development wherever we are. The stories I learn about in 7.012, of Mendel’s experiment with the peas, of the sleepless night leading to Sturtevant’s conception of a genetic map, of the great role luck played in James Gusella’s polymorphism idea, were ultimately more of tales of inquiry and perseverance paying off than of location. It’s important to never lose track of the things that make you happy, and of the mindset that you have the potential to forge great things out of them. Well, I’m hungry right now, so I’ll probably go scavenge the kitchen or hope for a free-food e-mail to land in my inbox. I get quite a number of free-food e-mails on an almost daily basis, and in fact, I think I’ll do an e-mail search right now. You see how there were four free-food e-mails this past Sunday? And one on Saturday and three on Thursday? Hopefully, there’ll be one more tonight. My senses are attuned to these kinds of e-mails like a ravenously roving satellite dish. Well, it’s been a pretty good day (he says for the millionth time). I had to stay up really late studying and didn’t get much sleep, but I took a brief power nap a few hours ago, and since then, I’ve felt great. It’s weird. I have no more work due this week. There’s a calculus problem-set for next week and a brief reading for my philosophy class, but that’s relatively light, and it feels kind of weird, kind of amazing. It’s also Thanksgiving this Thursday, but I have very little to say about that, since I’m an international student, and it’s not really a thing in Nigeria. Regardless, I definitely have a lot to be thankful forâ€"my roommate, my friends, my family, my Alpha Delta Phi brothers, the people close to me, my sense of happiness right now, the eighty-five or so Taylor Swift songs on my phone, the idea that I can always whip out words to construct my thoughts and emotions and feel good doing that. And of course, the fact that MIT is giving us two days off classes. I’ll probably spend a good portion of this week writing stories. You can read a short one I wrote a few weeks ago here, although its fairly gory. I hope you guys have an amazing Thanksgiving this week, and have the chance to reflect on the things that make you bloom, the people that make you happy, the life you get to live now, and be thankful for them. For everything. Time does tick after all.

Simple Random Sampling vs. Systematic Random Sampling

When we form a statistical sample we always need to be careful in what we are doing. There are many different kinds of sampling techniques that can be used.  Some of these are more appropriate than others. Often what we think would be one kind of sample turns out to be another type. This can be seen when comparing two types of random samples. A simple random sample and a systematic random sample are two different types of sampling techniques. However, the difference between these types of samples is subtle and easy to overlook.  We will compare systematic random samples with simple random samples. Systematic Random vs. Simple Random To begin with, we will look at the definitions of the two types of samples that we are interested in.  Both of these types of samples are random and suppose that everyone in the population is equally likely to be a member of the sample. But, as we will see, not all random samples are the same. The difference between these types of samples has to do with the other part of the definition of a simple random sample. To be a simple random sample of size n, every group of size n must be equally likely of being formed. A systematic random sample relies on some sort of ordering to choose sample members. While the first individual may be chosen by a random method, subsequent members are chosen by means of a predetermined process. The system that we use is not considered to be random, and so some samples that would be formed as a simple random sample cannot be formed as a systematic random sample. An Example Using a Movie Theater To see why this is not the case, we will look at an example. We will pretend that there is a movie theater with 1000 seats, all of which are filled. There are 500 rows with 20 seats in each row. The population here is the entire group of 1000 people at the movie. We will compare a simple random sample of ten moviegoers with a systematic random sample of the same size. A simple random sample can be formed by using a table of random digits. After numbering the seats 000, 001, 002, through 999, we randomly choose a portion of a table of random digits. The first ten distinct three digit blocks that we read in the table are the seats of the people who will form our sample.For a systematic random sample, we can begin by choosing a seat in the theater at random (perhaps this is done by generating a single random number from 000 to 999). Following this random selection, we choose this seat’s occupant as the first member of our sample. The remaining members of the sample are from the seats that are in the nine rows directly behind the first seat (if we run out of rows since our initial seat was in the back of the theater, we start over in the front of the theater and choose seats that line up with our initial seat). For both types of samples, everyone in the theater is equally likely to be chosen. Although we obtain a set of 10 randomly chosen people in both cases, the sampling methods are different. For a simple random sample, it is possible to have a sample that contains two people who are sitting next to each other. However, by the way that we have constructed our systematic random sample, it is impossible not only to have seat neighbors in the same sample but even to have a sample containing two people from the same row. What’s the Difference? The difference between simple random samples and systematic random samples may seem to be slight, but we need to be careful. In order to correctly use many results in statistics, we need to suppose that the processes used to obtain our data were random and independent. When we use a systematic sample, even if randomness is utilized, we no longer have independence.

What It Is For The Anthropology Of Religion - 957 Words

In 1966 Geertz described religion as ‘(1) a system of symbols which acts to (2) establish powerful, pervasive, and long lasting moods and motivations in men by (3) formulating conceptions of general order of existence and (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of faculty that (5) the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic’ (Geertz, 1966 :4), a quote which Asad refers to as ‘perhaps the most influential, certainly the most accomplished, anthropological definition of religion to have appeared in the last two decades’ (Asad, 1983 :237). In this essay I intend to briefly outline what it is Geertz aims to achieve with his approach, concentrating mainly on his focus on symbols and identifying the contributions this idea has given to the anthropology of religion. I will also touch upon the similarities and differences between Geertz’s (1966) definition and that of Asad (1983). Geertz’s describes his definition of religion as a universal one but geared to focus on the particular; one that can be applied to all religions, and once identified as a religion we can distinguish a separation between religion and other entities i.e. politics, therefore allowing us to discuss the relationship which intertwines them. Geertz describes culture as ‘a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life’ (Geertz, 1966 :3), thus the ways of which we understand whatShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy, Phenomenology And Comparative Approachs851 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are six different approaches to religion. One approach is the psychological or individual aspect. Then there is the sociological approach which looks at group behavior. Then there is also the anthropological approach which is looks at societies, cultures and things of that nature. L astly there is the philosophy, phenomenology and comparative approachs. The psychological approach to religion allows us to examine the individual. The psychology of religion is to understand the personal religiousRead MoreThe Between Mccutcheon, Marx, And Nietzsche s Theories On Religion921 Words   |  4 PagesRussell McCutcheon urges terms like â€Å"religion† and â€Å"religious† should not be used by scholars when referring to the study of religion. McCutcheon even suggests these words should be abandoned and removed from our vocabulary all together. He claims studying social sciences like anthropology, sociology, and psychology and using appropriate terminology will lead to a more accurate understanding of why we as humans are religious and how our religion ultimately affects our behaviors. Feuerbach, Marx,Read More Interview With Pakistani Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesInterview With Pakistani Ethnology is the part of anthropology that focuses on the cultures of the world; its written results are published in ethnographies. While conducting my first ethnology I learned more about my friend Mohammed than I have learned about him in the seven years I have been acquainted with him. Moe works at a convenience store and gas station that I have been frequenting since before I was even old enough to have a car to fill up with gas. Moe is originally from Pakistan,Read MoreEssay about Cultural Studies 1st Exam1573 Words   |  7 PagesExamination Due September 28th by Midnight Name ___________________________________________________________ Part One: Identifications (Write the correct terminology or name in the space provided by each statement. Some terms may not be used. 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From what the evidence that has been collected, religion and religious rituals contributed to the developmentRead MoreHow Religion And Culture Influence People s Views On Outer Space1342 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different types of religions and cultures in this world. Many of which teach and influence pe ople’s views and actions on their daily lives. Everyone is entitled to, and has the right to, believe and practice in whatever it is they choose to. Different types of religions around the world have different meanings and teach different ways in viewing the world. We all know how religion and cultures can be an influence on our planet, but does anyone really know how it influences peoplesRead MoreAmitav Ghoshs In an Antique Land1088 Words   |  5 Pagesas a doctoral student who is given the opportunity to study social anthropology. As we learned and discussed throughout this course, there are a variety of methods in which to study religion. Social anthropology focuses onâ€Å"the study of human beings and societies viewed primarily as both the creators and the creations of culture . . . sociology of religion . . . focuses its attention on social behavior and the way in which religion interacts with other dimensions of our social experience† (LivingstonRead MoreA Dom inant Force Or Trend Within Clothing, Opinion, Arts, And Culture Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesetc. People in society are often motivated to involve themselves with what is mainstream so they can fit in and thrive. Majority group- an ethnic/racial group that has the largest population and usually the greatest economic and political power in a society. Marcel Mauss- introduced the qualities of gift giving, author of The Gift. Mauss was also a French sociologist, his work often bounced between sociology and anthropology. Marxism- the political and economic theories of Karl Marx, later developed

The Progressive Era ( 1900-1919 ) - 1544 Words

The Progressive Era (1900-1919) presented solutions to the social, political, and economic changes in the United States of America which had surfaced in the framework of the rapid changes produced during the Industrial Revolution and the growth of modern capitalism in America. Many progressives believed that these changes marked the end of the old order and invited the beginning of a new era fit for the industrial age. Others believed that these changes marked a necessity for improvement rather than complete eradication. Regardless, American citizens utilized their ability to enrich social circumstances, both politically and morally, to guarantee social justice around 1865-1929. In a general sense, the conservative goals of this period substantiated the Liberal developments passed by Progressive leaders. Corresponding to the definition of conservatism, â€Å"a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, stressing established institutions, and preferring gradual development to abrupt change† , the triumph of Conservatism existed in a sense that efforts were made to maintain established philosophies vital to an industrial social order. The Progressive leaders essentially wanted to perpetuate Liberal reform to bring upon general conservatism. Therefore, the 19th century can truly be defined by both the â€Å"triumph of conservatism† and the success of progressives. An array of accomplishments from the Progressive’s battle were conservative in nature. The fight againstShow MoreRelatedWomen During The Progressive Era987 Words   |  4 PagesWoman in the progressive era What is a woman’s role? Is it to be a housewife and take care of her husband and children? Or is it much more then that. Between the years 1897- 1917 the progressive era came of age. 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Reframing Organization for Structured and Vertical Hierarchy

Question: Discuss about theReframing Organization for Structured and Vertical Hierarchy. Answer: Similar to individuals, businesses have their own way of development and that too at their own pace. There are different factors that have an impact on the way businesses develop, starting from the personalities of their leaders to their chosen industry and then continuing to the economic situation. The outcomes of that can range from being a structured, vertical hierarchy to being a loose and horizontal free-form group. Businesses have the option of developing when teams split off and pursue their goals or when individuals come together for one common cause. For the structures of an organization, there are certain universal structural parameters that exist, which present tensions and challenges for the organization (Loeb 2016). It is the responsibility of the organizations that they effectively respond to these, which is inclusive of environment (regulates comparative requirement for tractability),core processes (need alignment with arrangement),size and age (intricacy and conventio nalism increase),workforce physiognomies (controls level of administration and discretion required in daily routine), information technology (obtainability of information and rapidity of dissemination), and tactic and goals (lucidity and constancy concerns regulate necessity for adaptation). These structural necessities come in combination for dictating the optimal social architecture for every organization that are under this circumstances. Different ways are there for designing any organization (Muscat 2014). Two key approaches among these are: Differentiation - how to allocate responsibilities across the organization? Integration how to integrate varied efforts in quest of common goals? Differentiation Inside every living systems task allocation happens and roles get specialized. It is effective in getting the work done. The behaviour of specialization channels is by the prescription of what one person would be doing and not doing for accomplishing work tasks. These normally restrict the individual worker discretion in the context of predictability, uniformity, and reliability. After the decision is taken regarding who is doing which work in relation with their roles or positions, another level of the same situation comes into play (Boston 2016). Working units in organizations additionally handles the work effort in terms of a lot of things which includes: knowledge or skill time period, i.e. shift product customer or client geography or region process, e.g. customer order or customer delivery Along with specialization, different problems also arise. It is necessary for organizations to mesh or coordinate different attempts are avoiding negative influence on performance. Balancing so many issues regarding structural feeds, relative to the second equation or issue of coordination of effort. Integration It is the characteristics of organizations to manage and coordinate the individual efforts along with the group ones with the help of a variety of strategies. This takes place in primarily two ways: lateral less formal, and vertical - chain of command. Inside vertical coordination, coordination is seen among the tops and control of work among the bottoms. This takes place with the help of rules, authority, planning, rules and policies and control systems. Authority is existent among bosses who have formal authority. The rules and policies are there to specify the right way of doing things, limiting discretion and adding predictability. The planning and control systems make use of data for measuring and forecasting. Inside lateral coordination, using the terms of less formal, quicker, simpler and additionally flexible in description of the lateral methods that fill gaps that are rules, commands, and network. Meetings are the corner store of informal contacts and stalks exchanging. Task forces ate collaborated with diverse specialties of people. The matrix structure is there for makings and the cost common thing in global organizations have wishes of meshing arcos the countries and regions. Organizations that have social networks, an d lateral communication tools, try adapting to the hierarchies and there are special teams who coordinate for dealing with turf battles or any concerns (Ovchinnikov 2013). A group is a gathering of no less than two individuals. A group is an aggregate of people. They connect with each other. They think about each other. They have a run of the mill target. They find in themselves to be a group. The word dynamics is a Greece word meaning 'force'. Hereafter group dynamics infers the examination of forces working inside a group for the social correspondence. A group is an aggregation of individuals who work together with each other to such a degree, to the point that one person's exercises influence the others. In affiliations, most work is done inside groups. How groups work has basic consequences for progressive productivity. Groups where people get along, feel the need to add to the team, and are fit for arranging their undertakings may have prevalent levels, while teams depicted by unprecedented levels of contention or debilitating vibe may cripple members of the workforce (Levi 2015). In affiliations, you may encounter particular sorts of groups. Informal work groups are contained no less than two individuals who are connected with each other in ways not prescribed by the formal affiliation. Group dynamics incorporates the dynamics of affiliation plan inside the group, the path in which decisions are made in the group, how work finishes, and how member's needs are satisfied. The participations that effect the perspectives and lead of people when they are grouped with others through either choice or inadvertent conditions (Hogg Terry, 2014). The group dynamics fuse both the group content and the group processes. Group content insinuates the specific endeavors, issues, focuses, or conditions tended to by the group all things considered. Group processes implies the relationship between the group members. Process also suggests most of the components that add to the group processes. Both content and process happen at the same time and are comparatively basic (Murphey et al. 2012). Focuses of group dynamics are: To recognize and separate the social processes that impact on group headway and performance. To pick up the capacities imperative to intervene and upgrade individual and group performance in a definitive setting. To fabricate more productive relationship by applying methodology that give beneficial outcome on target achievement (Bolman Deal 2017). Informal roles: roles are fluid and propelling; groups enhance the circumstance when task roles line up with particular differentiationsbring various interests, aptitudes, and fluctuating degrees of excitement; benefit by assets while restricting liabilities; basic to bring these things out past any binding impact as opposed to avoiding them Norms: informal life insisting rule that manage how the group limits and how members act Networks: informal cases of who relates to whom; teams with more informal ties were more feasible and more slanted to stay together than teams in which members had less affiliations Interpersonal conflict: conflict that is smothered tends to reemerge again and again; conflict is something worth being grateful for Guidelines to manage conflict in groups: ? Develop capacities - in group process ? Agree on fundamentals destinations and procedures ? Search for points of interest in like way - on which to fabricate understanding ? Experiment - in separating divergent viewpoints ? Doubt your perfection see OK assortment of appraisals as an advantage ? Treat differentiates as a group commitment conflict ought to be effectively regulated and not kept up a key separation from Leadership and Decision making: Leadership empowers groups to develop a typical capacity to know east from west and obligation; key limit is administering relationship with external constituents; same individual may not be comparably feasible in all conditions (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016) Incredible leaders are tricky to both task and process. They select others adequately in managing both. Convincing leaders help group members pass on and work together, while less capable leaders attempt to run and get their own particular musings recognized. Leadership is one of the most crucial aspect of the organization as it guides the organization to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. According to the contingency theory, there is no particular way of leading the organization and it is completely reliant on the external and internal factors of the organization. This means that based on the situation the leaders will have to adapt and apply the leadership theories. This can be considered as their own style of leadership which they apply based on the situation they have to face. The leadership is based on the relationship at the human level where the leaders can provide clarity to its subordinates about their goals and objectives. The leadership should have the ability to provide rewards and at the same time has the ability to provide punishment when it is required. These qualities will have to be present within a leader in the right amount and balance otherwise it will lead to the failure in the leadership (Northouse 2015). The least preferred scale (LPC) has been developed in the contingency theory to identify the traits that is not liked by the leaders (Chemers 2014). As stated by the contingency theory it can be said that effectiveness of leadership will depends on situation, personality of the leader, make-up of the group and nature of the task. The personality of the leader is the main factor which will decide how the workforce is accepting the leader. This will also ensure how the leader will get involved in the task and if the leader can exercise control over the workforce of the organization. Least preferred scale is way of identify in g the effectiveness of the leader and the leaders with high LPC signifies that they have good communication skills, interpersonal skills and they are able to make good human relations. The good relation that the leader can create with the workforce of the organization will compensate for other factors such as the orientation of the task and the issues involved in it. The leaders will low LPC signifies have low ability of bonding with their subordinates which signifies that they have to rely on the nature of th e task to ensure leadership. However, there are certain complications that are involved in this case, as the task will have to defined in a proper way to avoid any kind of issues. However, it is not possible to provide proper definition to all the task so it means that human relation is one of the most important factor for ensuring effective leadership. However, in a corporate environment where the situations are structured in a well-defined way the need for personal relationship is minimal. However, interpersonal skills of the leader will ensure a motivated workforce which will able to be more productive than the workforce who is less motivated. In general, the leaders with low LPC are effective as the organization structure is maintained and most of the task of the organizations are well defined. However, in times of emergency situation and when the three factors come in to consideration, the leader with high LPC will have an upper hand and will be able to manage the situation in a better way (Antonakis 2017). However, the parameters that have been mentioned in the contingency theory are vague as being supportive could have different meaning in different context. Therefore, providing motivation to their workforce can be considered supportive and at the same time providing criticism to their workforce can be considered to be supportive. However, this theory will have to integrated in the social networking models so that the organizational integrity can be tested. The parameters of this theory will have to be quantified and measured with sophisticated modern tool to identify the effectiveness of leadership (Ayman Adams, 2012). Thus, from the above discussion it can be said communication skills and developing good human relations is one of the most effective way of leadership and managing workforce of any organization. References and bibliography Antonakis, J. (2017).The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Ayman, R., Adams, S. (2012). Contingencies, context, situation, and leadership.The nature of leadership, 218-255. Bergman, J. Z., Rentsch, J. R., Small, E. E., Davenport, S. W., Bergman, S. M. (2012). The shared leadership process in decision-making teams.The Journal of social psychology,152(1), 17-42. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Bolton, W. (2016).Differentiation and integration(Vol. 5). Routledge. Chemers, M. (2014).An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J. (Eds.). (2014).Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. Levi, D. (2015).Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Loeb, P. A. (2016). Differentiation and integration. InReal Analysis(pp. 79-93). Springer International Publishing. Murphey, T., Falout, J., Fukada, Y., Fukuda, T. (2012). Group dynamics: Collaborative agency in present communities of imagination.Psychology for language learning: Insights from research, theory and practice, 220-238. Muscat, J. (2014). Differentiation and Integration. InFunctional Analysis(pp. 257-274). Springer International Publishing. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Ovchinnikov, S., 2013. Differentiation and Integration. InMeasure, Integral, Derivative(pp. 97-127). Springer New York. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014).The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Phipps, K. A. (2012). Spirituality and strategic leadership: The influence of spiritual beliefs on strategic decision making.Journal of business ethics,106(2), 177-189. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge.

Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney Essay Example

Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney Paper In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting Digging by the Irish poet Seamus Heaney with Catrin by the Welsh poet Gillian Clarke. I will begin by discussing the aspects of Digging which includes the title, content, theme, setting, style, message and my own personal response. I will also explain what the two poems are about. Following the discussion of Digging I will then compare it with the poem Catrin. The tittle Digging creates a lot of images and plans many scenarios towards what it actually stands for. What it tells me about the poem is that Digging is the main feature and could be used to compare with other activities. It shows its about people digging with shiny spades on dirty parts of land. The setting of the poem changes due to Heaneys memories of his father and grandfather. In stanza three Heaney describes where his fathers place of work is situated. To do this he added the purpose towards what he is actually digging for. Til his straining rump among the flowerbeds. The potato drills where he was digging. (Stanza 3) We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Catrin by Gillian Clarke with Digging by Seamus Heaney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The thought of flowerbeds and potatoes creates images showing neatly spread out rows upon short, green beautiful grass. The flowerbeds add pride to where he is digging as it shows its a place well kept. To me, this scenario is described in a way that is based on an allotment. Seamus Heaney describes where his grandfather digs from stanzas six to eight. Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods over his shoulder, going down for the good turf. (Stanza 7) I used all of stanza seven as a quote because the words written are all relevant to describe where his grandfather works. It proves that where his grandfather digs differentiated from where his grandfather digs. This also proves that the setting changes due to Seamus Heaneys memories of his father and grandfather. The differences between the settings are shown by key words in stanzas. Good turf and Sods show that where his grandfather digs is based on a field. Flowerbeds and Potatoes shows that where his father digs is based on an allotment. The style of the poem is written in a common way. The layout consists of short effective paragraphs that includes passionate descriptive writing about his life. The literacy device Seamus Heaney uses consists of onomatopoeia throughout parts of the poem. What this means is that the formation of a word whose sound suggests its meaning. An example of onomatopoeia is used in stanza two. A clean rasping sound. (Stanza 2) When Seamus Heaney is describing what he can hear under his window, he uses the word Rasping to prove to the reader what it actually sounds like. The effect on using this device, when reading, the word Rasping creates an image showing a spade scraping against a rough surface. Another effective use of onomatopoeia is shown in stanza seven. In his stanza he is talking about how his grandfather works and what he does. To create that image for the reader showing his grandfather cutting turf, Seamus Heaney uses the word Slicing. Comparing with the example before there is no difference to as he effect it gives off. The achievement of these onomatopoeic words is that they give a clear understanding to the reader. As the poet is describing what he can see and hear, using the words Slicing and Rasping the reader will also see and hear the same. Throughout the poem Seamus Heaney describes the different kinds of digging work his father and grandfather does. He also describes how they work and the techniques they use. Against the inside knee was levered firmly. (Stanza 4) This quote is describing his fathers technique on how to stand and hold the spade. This technique to Seamus tells him that his father has been doing this kind of work for a long time. The technique was a family trade passed down from his father, which is Seamuss grandfather. By God, the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. (Stanza 5) As his father got his techniques from his grandfather, he also describes about his grandfathers way of digging. Slicing neatly. (Stanza 7) Cut more turf than any over man. (Stanza 6) The Slicing neatly quote proves that he was good at his job. It also shows that he had a commitment for what he was doing. Like his son, his technique must have been of high quality. The quote Cut more turf than any other man shows that he was a quick worker but also shows that Seamus is proud of what his father and grandfather do. The overall message that Seamus Heaney is trying to inform is that you dont have to follow in your familys footsteps. But Ive no spade to follow men like them. (Stanza 8) I think what this quote means is that from the start, Seamus Heaney knew that he could never be as good at digging as his father and grandfather. It might not have been that he didnt want to, I think its just that he didnt want to disappoint his familys tradition by doing it wrong. The squat pen rests. Ill dig with it. (Stanza 9) In the end Seamus Heaneys decision to become a poet was an understandable decision. Using the quote, Seamus couldnt become a digger for all kinds of reasons but then described that he could write the same way as his family digs. By God, the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. (Stanza 5) Using his familys skills of digging, Seamus Heaney created a simile towards his occupation. He put his effort into writing like his family did with digging and dug with his pen like they did with their spades. I thought the point of the poem was easy to understand in the way that the poet was trying to get it across. I think that Seamus Heaney was making sure that the reader would understand what it was like to hear his family digging with onomatopoeic words, Rasping. He wanted to make sure that the reader knew how good his family was at digging so that they knew he couldnt compare with them. But Ive no spade to follow men like them. (Stanza 8) I agree with the message about not having to follow in your familys footsteps or doing something you dont want to do. If you are skilled at something else, like Seamus Heaney, that person should follow their instincts. It was also an amazing comparison to relate digging to writing. Pen rests. Ill dig with it. (Stanza 9) The message in Digging was successful because it was written with a purpose and a meaning. In some cases, the message in the poem is written with out any thought towards the reader. This time Seamus Heaney wrote a message that had a meaning, which could be used in other peoples lives. Following the discussion of Digging I am now going to compare it with the poem Catrin written by Gillian Clarke. The similarity between both poems is that they have a general link to do with parent and child. In Digging Seamus Heaney the poet talks about how his father works as a digger and that he couldnt compare with him as his skills laid as a poet. In Catrin there is a bond between a mother and daughter. The mother cant understand how her daughter has grown up since the day at the hospital. The language used in both poems seems to be differed through most of the content. In the Digging poem the language used by the poet is presented in the way that he is talking about his family. Till his straining rump among the flowerbeds. (Stanza 3) In the Catrin poem the language is used differently, in fact quite the opposite. Comparing with the Digging poem, Catrin is written in a way that the mother is talking to the child instead of talking about the child. I remember you, child as I stood in a hot white room. (Lines 1-3) The way in which Digging is laid out is also different compared to Catrin. Seamus Heaney spreads out the poem into nine paragraphs. The language in all nine are about feelings but is harder to understand then Catrin. Gillian Clarke presents the poem into two paragraphs. One is about the past and the other present. This technique is easier to understand rather than Seamus Heaneys. For my conclusion I will be discussing the questions: .Which are the most significant links between the poems? . What are the major differences between both poems? . Is there more linking the poems then separating them? . Is there one poem that you could identify more with than the other? . Do you think one of the poems is more successful than the other in presenting its message? The most significant link between the two poems is of course the parent and child situation. In the Digging poem there is a father and son who have a bond. Even though the son didnt follow in his fathers footsteps in digging, he described that he was going to write just the same, as his father would dig. The squat pen rests. Ill dig with it (Stanza 9) In the Catrin poem there is a mother and a daughter who also have a bond. The similarities are that the younger generation in both families takes after their older relatives even though they dont do the same work. The major difference between the poems is that in Digging the son is imagining about his father. He talks about how he remembers his father digging under his window and the sounds he use to hear. These are the memories of what has happened. In Catrin the difference is that the mother is talking about her daughter. She talks about the past but also talks about whats actually happening in the present. I think that the poems are more similar than dissimilar. My reasons are that in both poems the people in it are parent and child and both show the same feelings. In Digging the son shows that he is happy about the memories of his father. This is linked with the mother in Catrin who remembers the birth of her daughter, which is a pleasant memory to her. I dont think there is much difference between the poems so I couldnt identify one from the other. The layout of Catrin though was easier to understand compared to digging. One paragraph of happy memories and one of worried feelings made it easy to get the message. In Digging the spaced out paragraphs made it harder to understand as the information was changing in every stanza. My personal opinion is that Catrin is a more successful poem as the layout of the poem made it easier to understand the message.

Essay sample on #8220;The Important Elements of Cinematography#8221;

Essay sample on #8220;The Important Elements of Cinematography#8221; Cinematography is so important in film that sometimes a plot can be weak, but the camera work, lighting, and other visual elements make for a pleasing experience for viewers. This aspect of film is especially important for people who are interested in a more painterly style of filmmaking. In general, the key elements of cinematography are: exposure, shot size, camera angle, camera movement, composition, type of lens, depth of field, and white balance. In the following paragraphs, these fundamentals will be explored. Exposure Basically, exposure refers to the amount of light picked up by the camera. According to the website Elements of Cinema, there are three types of exposure: â€Å"An image is said to represent normal exposure when it is similar to what the eye sees. Overexposure happens when too much light is reflected into the camera, rendering an image that is brighter than normal exposure. Underexposure is the opposite: not much light enters the camera, thus creating a dark image† (â€Å"Elements of Cinematography†). All of these types of exposure are used to convey certain moods, scenes, and ideas. Shot size In general, shot size means how much of the scene is included in the frame, and deals with what the camera is focusing on. As stated by the website Learn About Film, â€Å"It’s important to use different shot sizes in your movie. It’s a way of spelling things out, to make sure that people see exactly the things you want them to see. If you shoot everything in long shot (head to foot) people will probably miss details and expressions which would help them understand the story† (â€Å"Introduction to Shot Size in Filmmaking†). By adjusting the shot size, you can show the setting, introduce people, give close-ups, transition between shots, and demonstrate a change in position. Camera Angle It is important where the camera is placed in connection to its scene and characters, as it shows the mood of what is happening and how the audience views what is happening. According to Elements of Cinema, â€Å"Whereas shot sizes direct who and what we see, camera angles affect how we perceive it. Is a character going to appear dominant and tall? Or short and weak? A strong weapon in the cinematographer’s arsenal is the ability to position the camera in relation to the subject or scenery† (â€Å"Elements of Cinematography†). So, the angle of the camera can drastically change the perception of viewers. Camera Movement How the camera moves can not only change the perception of viewers, but it can also suggest the pace and emotion of a scene. According to the Beat, a production blog, â€Å"You can use movement to guide the audience through the scene, slowly revealing certain people or objects in order to create suspense - or simply control the pacing of the scene† (Mccullagh, John). Therefore, a stagnant camera will create monotony and should express the way the plot is progressing. Composition This refers to the way a scene is set and framed to make it artistic and appealing. Filmmakers borrowed ideas from photography and painting for these concepts. For example, â€Å"lead room† refers to when a character is looking left, and because of this, the person should be placed to the right to make the framing comfortable. Another classic principle of composition is the rule of thirds, where, as Elements of Cinematography says, â€Å"one must imagine the frame with two vertical lines and two horizontal lines, as to create three vertical sections of the same dimensions and three vertical sections also of the same size† (â€Å"Elements of Cinematography†). This is done to make the frame comfortable for the human eye to view. Types of lenses There are various lenses on cameras that filmmakers employ for a multitude of purposes. For instance, zoom lenses are standard lenses that are used when camera tricks and effects are not being set. Prime lenses cannot zoom in or out, but the image quality of these lenses are much higher than the zoom variety. Onto telephoto lenses, they are effective for showing fine detail. The opposite is a wide-angle lens, which sufficiently supplies sweeping panoramas and broad fields of view (â€Å"Elements of Cinematography†). Depth of field It is the area in front of the camera that is sharp in the frame. Adjusting the focus of the camera will change this aspect. The aperture, focal length, and focal distance of the camera creates different effects that convey mood and selective focus (â€Å"Elements of Cinematography†). White balance Essentially, white balance is the process of taking out unrealistic colors that are being cast. Different sources of light can come into play in a shot, and as a filmmaker, you have to decide which type of light source to focus on. For example, you have a room with light from the sun and light from bulbs. Each of these lights will be shown as a different color or â€Å"color temperature† on screen. Therefore, it is important to know which light source to focus in terms of the color that is emitted. These are the extreme basics of cinematography, but a solid starting point in knowing how to work one’s head around the subject. Exposure, shot size, camera angle, camera movement, composition, type of lens, depth of field, and white balance all are tools for filmmakers to employ to convey mood, focus, pace, importance of certain elements in the frame, and more. â€Å"Elements of Cinematography.† Elements of Cinematography | Shot Sizes, Camera Angles, Exposure, and More, www.elementsofcinema.com/cinematography/elements_of_cinematography.html. â€Å"Introduction to Shot Size in Filmmaking.† Learn about Film, learnaboutfilm.com/film-language/picture/shotsize/. Mccullagh, John. â€Å"Cinematography Tip: Working with Motivated Camera Movement.† The Beat: A Blog by PremiumBeat, Shutterstock Premium Beat, 10 Jan. 2019, www.premiumbeat.com/blog/cinematography-tip-motivated-camera-movement/.

The Humanity And Issues Related To It In Literature Essay

The Humanity And Issues Related To It In Literature - Essay Example The men at the hotel are wondering if they have also played some part in The Swede’s death. This paper criticizes two important quotations from the story, which I will connect to how I see humankind, and how I view the world. First, I will go into the detail of the quotation, â€Å"Every sin is a result of collaboration† (Crane). Crane has talked about collaboration in the sense that the characters of the story are interacting with each other. They talk to each other, and get into fights, due to which they hurt and kill each other. This is how sin is produced. However, I think that here, collaboration means that the society and the sinner are interacting with each other, where both are opposite to each other and are necessary for each other’s survival. If there is a virtue, there is a sin. If it is good, there is bad. If there are thieves, there are priests. If there are angels, there is Satan. So, both the opposite extremes exist, and become recognized for the opposite. So, when there is a collaboration between man and others are around him, there is either virtue or sin that is produced. This is how society will go on until the end of the world. Collaboration may also mean here that sin is produced with mutual agreement between two people, as Crane has shown the men at the hotel talking about how they had all taken part in killing Swede. Although many sins can be committed without the involvement of a second person; yet, here collaboration means sin committed with the help of two or more persons, who have interacted with each other and have planned to commit the sin. We know it because the Easterner explains it by saying, â€Å"We, five of us, have collaborated in the murder of this Swede.

Risk and its Importance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk and its Importance - Coursework Example Essentially a company is indulging into risk management if it is actively analyzing and attempting to quantify the possible losses in a business decision or an investment and then is taking appropriate action to mitigate the possibility of those losses occurring. It is fairly important to manage risk in an investment appraisal process as it helps the organization in protecting itself from all kinds of risks; it helps the organization’s customers from large non-market related losses such as a firm failure or fraud. A strong risk management process does not only help the organization, but it also provides security to the overall industry. Importance of risk management can also be gauged by some recent crisis that has happened due to loopholes present in risk management strategies of a few companies. The financial meltdown of 2008 is a key example. b) Measuring risk and incorporating risk in an investment opportunity Risk management is now an essential part in all the businesses as more and more businessmen are facing the repercussions of a poorly managed business decision in terms of risk. With the financial crisis slowly recovering, it is harder for people to now ignore the importance of risk. Predominantly, risk is considered to be a negative term. It is the probability of a result deviating from its forecast, usually towards the negative side. Therefore, it is predominantly considered negative. However, in investment and financial terms, risk is always associated with return. The more risk a person or an entity is willing to take, the more the return is expected. Understanding risk today is perhaps one of the most important things in financial education and financial market. Its importance cannot be stressed more. A deviation from expected outcome can both be negative as well as positive. Therefore, the idea of ‘no pain, no gain’ works in harmony with this situation. If one is willing to undertake a certain amount of losses to ensure that t hey are the winner in the end in terms of returns, they are effectively managing their risk. Measuring risk in absolute terms is done through standard deviation. It is the basic tool for understanding the deviation of an outcome from a central tendency. A lot of other techniques are used; tools are incorporated in order to measure risk of an investment opportunity. There are a number of models through which firms decide upon the nature of risk that an investment opportunity might have. VaR is another tool; value at risk defines how bad things can go and its probability giving a certain level of confidence for a given amount of time. This helps to identify the potential losses that an investing entity might have if they take a certain decision, taking time and confidence of calculations into account. Incorporating risk in an investment opportunity is through taking into account the impact of risk on the outcome of the investment. Critical questions should be answered as the start of the investment appraisal such as the time, the expected return on investment or if the money invested could be used better in another investment opportunity. Beta is another measure through which risk associated with two different investment opportunities is measured. It is specific for a specific kind of project (Jackson, 2008).

Perceptions Towards Islamic Banking and Insurance

Perceptions Towards Islamic Banking and Insurance Introduction In the first chapter of this research study, an introduction on insurance will be presented. While, on the other hand, there will be a highlight on the differences between conventional and Islamic insurance. Following this, will be the problem discussion and the objectives of this study. Finally, there will be the justification and significance, following by organization of the study. What Exactly Is Insurance Means Buying insurance has become a trend in this twentieth century. According to The Star daily(2007), in the first half of year 2007, the combined premium income for insurance industry increase 9.8 percent compared to the same period for year 2006. The industry is further expanded in line with the favorable economics performance. People bought the insurance for their car, family, and business. People spend a lot of money on paying the insurance premium annually. While, do they actually clear on what kind of plan they had bought and what had they insured for their life, property and so on? Do they really distinct on the concept of the insurance that they had disbursed so much? According to Bank Negara Malaysia, insurance is the transfer of risk by an individual, such as yourself or an organization, such as your business to an insurance company. You or your organization will then be known as policy holder or insured while the insurance company is the insurer. The insurance company receives the payment in the form of premium. Then the insurance company utilized the premium collect from their policy holder to make some investment for their company. They will compensate their policy holder in the event of losses or damages which is sustained by the premium paid. In other word, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss by paying an amount of premium. It is an effective risk transfer mechanism for insured to exchange their uncertainty financial loss with the certain amount of premium (Ahmad Ali Khan, 2003). This kind of insurance we titled as conventional insurance which is the ordinary type of insurance that accepted by the society in general. While, other than the conventional insurance which we normally approached to, there are another type of insurance which we called as Islamic insurance. The Islamic insurance was step into Malaysia insurance market since November of year 1984 (Renat Bekkin, 2008). The first Islamic insurance company established in Malaysia was Takaful Malaysia Berhad. Early than that, Islamic insurance has stepping into the market of Sudan and Arab. What is Islamic insurance Islamic insurance is a mode of financial management which compliance to Shariah law. Islamic insurance is provided under a principle called Takaful. According to Islamic Banking, the term Takaful is derived from the Arabic word Kafaala meaning guaranteeing. Takaful means guaranteeing each other and refer to the concept of permissible Islamic insurance or Halal insurance. While by referring to Takaful Act 1984, Article 2, Takaful means a scheme based on brotherhood, solidarity and mutual assistance which provides for mutual financial aid and assistance to the participants in case of need whereby the participants mutually agree to contribute for that purpose. Literally, Takaful defines responsibility, shared guarantee, collective assurance and mutual undertakings. (Masum Billah, 2007) Some Muslims believe insurance is unnecessary, as society should helps its victims. Muslims can no longer ignore the fact that they live, they trade and communicate with open global systems, and they can no longer ignore the need for banking and insurance (Dr Aly Khorshid, 2004). In the eyes of Muslims, the concepts used by conventional insurance are against the law of Shariah. This is because conventional insurance is based on a contract of exchange (sale) between the insurance company and the covered person. This contract is void because it has the elements which are not permissible from Shariahs perspective. The elements are Gharar which means uncertainty. Conventional insurance has an element of Gharar due to the promise to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of unsuspected events. The other elements are Maysir which refer to gambling. Existence of Gharar (uncertainties) leads to Maysir (gambling) in conventional insurance. The insured may either lose the entire premium he has paid or be compensated for the losses he incurs for the insured event. Riba was also one of the not permissible elements in the law of Shariah. Riba means interest. The investment of insurance funds in interest bearing securities such bonds and stocks, which do not comply with the Shariah principles, pose a major Muslims who purchase the conventional insurance (Alburn Mountain, 2008). In conventional insurance, vendors, the insurance company, sells their insurance plans to their clients, which we called as policy holder in the other way and invest the premium paid for the profit of its shareholder. Then, the policy holders do enjoy the risk transference that they are receiving the compensation if they face the financial loss on the events they insured. According to Islamic Banking, Takaful was grant as Islamic insurance because of the apparent similarity between the contract of kafaala and insurance. Takaful is an Islamic concept which grounded in Islamic Mualamat which define as banking transaction (SP Media, 2009). This concept already practices in diverse form over 1400 years long (Salam, 2008). Generally, Takaful is an insurance plan which based on Shariah principles. The members are to contribute a certain amount of money to a common pool which is Takaful fund in the form of participative contribution that also called as Tabarru. Tabarru means a donation, charity or gift which cannot be taken back (Dr Qaradawi, 2002). In general Takaful, a percentage of the participants contribution is considered as Tabarru, thus it cannot be taken back by the participants as it is the joint guarantee principle to help other participants. A portion of a participants contribution will be allocate through Tabarru principle to help participants from a sudden but defined risks. After contributing the money into Takaful mutual fund, they will undertake a contract which called as Aqad in Islam, to become one of the participants by agreeing to mutually help each other, should any of the participants suffer a defined loss (Arshad Shaikh, 2007). In Islamic insurance, participants (policyholders) are co-operating among themselves for their common goods. Every participants are to pay a part of the contribution (premium) as a donation to help those need assistance. Other than that, in Takaful system, losses are divided and liabilities spread according to the community pooling system. In order to eliminate the element of uncertainty in Takaful contract, the concept of Tabarru is incorporated. This is to enable the participant to fulfill his obligation of mutual help and joint guarantee should any of his fellow participants suffer a defined loss. In conventional insurance, policy holder can buy more than one policy or plan to hedge the particular risk in the event of loss or damage. By this, the policy holders are lessening the claims of the insurance company because the same amount of compensation has now burden by two companies. This is called reinsurance which an insurance company can transfer to another insurer, the reinsurer all or part of its liabilities in respect of claims arising under the contracts of insurance. This is to protect itself against the risk that its total claims costs in any year may wiping out of its profits and cause it to insolvent. As same in Islamic insurance, participants can buy more than one plan from other licensed Takaful operator. This is called as Retakaful in Islamic insurance (Bahrain, 2005). Why Takaful Insurance instead of Conventional Insurance In Islamic view, the concept used in conventional insurance is in conflict with the injunction of Islam (Ahmad Ali Khan, 2003). The conflicts were not against the concepts used by conventional insurance that trades and contracts were appeared in the concept. While the struggling are the weaknesses and the imperfect phrase which existed in the insurance contract. The objections are actually against the phrase of Gharar which means uncertainty, Maisir refers to gambling and the word Riba which point to the interest. The criticism was the word of Gharar is happened in the contract of insurance. Other than that, the phrase of gambling is presenting in its extreme form. Whats more is the element of interest is existed in the contract. These three phrases were the points appeared in the contract of conventional insurance that prohibited in Islamic view. Thus, they lead to the contradiction between conventional insurance and Islamic view (Ahmad Ali Khan, 2003). While, there are the person who does not agree the above matters. According to Dr Yusof al-Qaradawi (2002), he does not think that the concept used in conventional insurance is conflict with Islamic law, but he agrees that the conventional insurance is in need of some improvement to move in line with Islamic teachings. Problem Statement People are following the track of buying insurance nowadays. People buy insurance when there is a new born baby. They buy insurance during their travelling. Insurance also bought when people purchase a residential property. People also buy insurance for the sake of retiring. People buy insurance whenever they think there was an unseen risk hidden, but do they really know what is about insurance and what type of insurance is available in the market? Throughout a number of searching by using the Google search engine and the library in campus, which was found that there are the surveys doing on Islamic Banking which may mentioned in various perspectives for instances the growth of Islamic banking in the world. Like what mentioning by Radio Australia, Islamic banking was one of the fastest growing sectors in the finance world which reveals by the value of the industry which worth of USD 1 Trillion in the year 2008. An addition, according to the bankers Top 500 Islamic Financial Institution survey, assets held by Islamic bank in year 2009 rose by 28.6 percent to 822 billion dollar from 639 billion dollar in year 2008. It posted a double-digit growth in the year 2009 despite of the economic slowdown occurred in the earlier year (Soren Billing, 2009). Other than that, what was found is there are quite a number of researches which study on the topic related to insurance. There are talked about the insurance expansion in the industry, growth of the insurance industry, the rate of market penetration. According to KCLAU (2007), the market penetration of life insurance as measured in terms of the total number of policies in force to total population, grew to 39.3 percent as at end of June 2007. While, besides the conventional which is generally accepted by the society, there are another type of risk transfer mechanism which is Islamic insurance was emerged in the other part of the globe. Islamic insurance was first widely spread over the Islamic country like Sudan, Arabic, India, South East Asia, and some other place in the world. The Islamic insurance also practiced in the region which is non Islamic country like European country and United of State. Since the growing of Islamic insurance throughout the world is in such a fast track, while, the doubt appeared was, it was hard to find the study on Islamic insurance rather than the conventional insurance. Another doubt was appeared that what is the reason to separate insurance into Islamic and conventional? What is the different perspective between Islamic insurance and conventional insurance? While, the most is, do people aware of the existence of Islamic insurance in the insurance industry which they approached ordinarily? Following by this, is the discussion on conventional and Islamic insurance. Research Objectives The general objective of this study is to clarify the different perspectives between conventional and Islamic insurance. While the other specific objectives as stated below which I am to study in this research. The specific objectives: To investigate the different perception of Muslim and Non Muslim towards conventional and Islamic insurance To investigate the determinants of demand for insurance in Malaysians To determine the level of awareness on Islamic insurance in the region of Malaysia Significance of Study This study may help the Malaysian Islamic Finance market to move a step up due to the hike up of the level of awareness on the conventional and Islamic insurance. Other than that, the study also provides the Muslim and Non Muslim within Malaysia to walk out of the religious teachings and some other factors in order to know more about the issues of insurance. Therefrom, Malaysias Islamic finance market may improve follow by the fast track in other country like what happened to the Top 500 Islamic Financial Institution, that assets held by Islamic bank in year 2009 rose by 28.6 percent to 822 billion dollar from 639 billion dollar in year 2008. It posted a double-digit growth in the year 2009 despite of the economic slowdown occurred in the earlier year (Soren Billing, 2009). Other than impacts on the country income and economic condition, this study also might helpful to the family or person who thinks of purchase insurance. By gone through this study, they are able to better analyze the product available in the market whether from the conventional insurance company or the Takaful operator which offer the Shariah compliance products and services. Then they are able to choose the best product which suit to them in terms of their needs, budget and also the religious teachings. Other than this, the study also may help the insurance company or the operators to determine the consumers intention of buying on their product. They may use the useful information to improve their products in order to enhance or even develop a better market position for their company. The growing in the insurance market plays an important role in the economic growth of the country. The growing may bring the country to a higher position in the world financial sector. Thus, Malaysia will stand still on the top of the world in the financial sector which playing the role of developing the conventional and Islamic insurance to the various country on the globe. Organization of Study This research report comprises of five chapters. The first chapter serves the introduction on insurance. It consists of the detail for conventional insurance and Islamic insurance. Problem statement and research objective is also discussed. Following the significance of study is presented. Lastly, the chapter one will end by the organization of study which show the flow out of the whole research project. Basically, chapter two will present the literature review which forms the foundation of this study. It consists of the related empirical study which done by other researchers previously. There are few factors which impact on the demand of insurance and influential to customers perception are included in this chapter. In chapter three, the research methodology of the study will be discussed. The research framework will be shown together with the hypothesis developed link together the variables in the study. Other than that, the sample planning, sources of data and data collection will also be carried out. Questionnaire design will also be laid out in this chapter following by the data analysis method which is the last part of this chapter. Following by this is chapter four which describe the results and discussion. Hence, the graph and table will be widely used to better interpret the findings and result of the study. Finally, chapter five will be the conclusion and the recommendation of this research. The level of awareness among Malaysian towards Islamic insurance will finally be presented and end this study. Chapter Two Literature Review INTRODUCTION Continue with the first chapter presented previously, this study is to observe the perception of Malaysia towards conventional insurance and Islamic insurance. For the sake of gaining a clearer view on this, exploring to the related literature is a must. Following, the overview of insurance and takaful will be presented. In 2.2, the discussion about the determinants impact on demand for insurance will be presented. Then, the study will indicate the perception of consumers towards conventional and Islamic methods of finance in few factors like the service quality, accessibility, convenience and status of the organizations. Lastly in 2.4, the awareness among Malaysian towards Islamic insurance will be discussed. Overview of Insurance and Islamic Insurance Insurance is a form of risk-management which transfer the possible risks like accident, theft, natural disaster and illness of ones or a group to the more financially sound entity, insurers in exchange with a small amount of payment which we called as premium. The meaning of insurance is essentially to understand for everybody who is considering of purchase an insurance policy or to understand the basics of what if finance. This instrument is used in hedging risk precautionary against the future contingent losses (Stanley St Labs, n.d). While, according to Insurance Info, insurance is being categorized two main categories which are life insurance and general insurance. The risks that covered by life insurance including premature death, income during retirement and illness. While the main products in life insurance are Whole life, Endowment, Term, Investment-linked, Life annuity plan, Medical and health. For general insurance, it is basically a policy that protects you from losses and damages which other than those covered by life insurance, for instance, property loss like stolen car and burnt house. Other than that, liability arising from damage caused by oneself to a third party, accidental death or injury also covered by the general insurance. The products offered under general insurance are Motor insurance, Fire/House owner/Householder insurance, Personal accident insurance, Medical and health insurance and Travel insurance. While for Islamic insurance, takaful, is a protection plan based on Shariah principles compliance. By contributing a sum of money to a common takaful fund in the form of participative contribution (tabarru), the person is undertaking a contract (aqad) to become one of the participants which agree to mutually help each other if any of the participants suffer a defined loss. Both takaul and insurance have similar basic principles where the insured must have a legitimate financial interest in the risk you are insuring, which means the insured must suffer a financial loss when the insured event occurred. In takaful, the life insurance is granted as family takaful. The products offered under family takaful are Family Takaful, Investment linked takaful, Child education takaful, Medical and health takaful. While for general takaful, there are Home takaful, Motor takaful and Personal accidents takaful. Perception towards Conventional and Islamic Insurance Perception, as defined by Stephen P. Robbins (2005) is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Perception is important in decision making process. An individual must fully understand the decision must make along with all of the facts and information involved. If an individual has a bad perception of the situation and do not consider all of the facts that are involved like the external factors which anyone else have no control over the individual may lead to a wrong decision. In turn, this will cause negative consequences for the organization and the individual. In order to have a good perception on any given situation, an individual must analyze all of the significant information involved in a timely manner, without making a hasty decision (Wally Sparks, 2007). Service Quality According to Shahril Bin Shafie (2003), quality is sought by all organizations, especially in the service sector. Service quality is commonly noted as a critical prerequisite for establishing and sustaining satisfying relationships between organization and the customers (Lassar et al., 2000). According to Yap, S.F., and Kew, M.L., there are many researchers who have defined service quality in different ways. Among them, Bitner, Booms and Mohr (1994) define service quality as the consumers overall impression of the relative inferiority or superiority of the organization and its services. While, other researchers like Cronin and Taylor (1994), view service quality as a form of attitude representing a long run overall evaluation. Service quality has determining the repeated purchase and customer loyalty to an organization. When a customer choose a provider that provides service quality that meets or exceeds his or her expectations, then the customer is more likely to choose the same pro vider again. According to Erol and El-Bdour (1989), Erol, Kaynak, and El-Bdour (1990) and Haron, Ahmad and Planisek (1994) observed that Islamic bank consumers rated the speed and efficiency of services near their top selection criterion on finance service provider. By referring to a study conduct by Erdener Kaynak and Talha D. Harcar (2005) is found that, the service quality provide by conventional banking system is excellent than the others. The study indicated that the customer maintain a higher level of confidence in conventional bank rather than Islamic bank. In this study, the service being tested including the swiftness in correcting errors, fast and efficient service, and consumer complains handling and the courtesy personnel. While according to Hendrik, L., Hirun, A., Razli, C.R., Halim, M.L., Khairul, A. A., and Darwina, A.A. (n.d), indicate that customer satisfaction on Islamic banking products and services is different across the cities. The service quality is satisfied within Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and Penang because these cities are bigger which also contains more populations, and are more economically developed. Due to these reasons, the service provided is more satisfactory because of the customers characteristics which different from income level, gender and also educational level.Erol and El-Bdour (1989), Erol, Kaynak, and El-Bdour (1990) and Haron, Ahmad and Planisek (1994) observed that Islamic bank consumers rated the speed and efficiency of services near their top selection criterion on finance service provider. The emergence of the Internet provides an opportunity for organizations to conduct business in cyberspace. Steven et al (2002), Soliman (2003), Wirtz (2001), Coltman (2001) had studied that Internet adoption and factors influencing the propensity and pattern of adoption among different sectors and sizes of organizations worldwide and in Malaysia, empirical data on online insurance has been limited (Fatimah et al, 2000; Yusserie at el, 2002). One of the reasons may be because the insurance industry has been slow to respond to the usage of Internet for business,, as compared to the other financial service (Esters, 1997). In 1999, recognizing the potential of the Internet, Bank Negara Malaysia allowed a group of insurers to establish the industry first interactive insurance website, which enabled policy owners to transact on the line for renewal of policy and also premium payment(BNM 2000). Internet via individual companys website allows customers to gain more information about the product and services offered by the companies (Ruquet, 2001). While, not all the business organizations are adopting Internet in their business due to various reasons like customer readiness, cost and the risks involved. Zinkewicz (2000) said that business do not use the Internet for business because customers do not trust the process involved, instead, they prefer human interactions (Ainin and Jaafar, 2003). Accessibility Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product or service is accessible by as many people as possible. It also viewed as the ability to access the functionality and possible benefits of some system or entity like information of the particular products and services (Wikipedia, 2009). In Malaysia, there are total up 1,752 numbers of registered insurance agencies distributed throughout the thirteen states and two federal territories. Among of all, there are agencies which offer both life insurance and also general insurance business like American International Assurance Bhd, Etiqa Insurance Berhad, Hong Leong Assurance Berhad and so on (BNM, 2008). Other than that, there are only eight licensed Takaful operator in Malaysia which are CIMB Aviva Takaful Berhad, Etiqa Takaful Berhad, Hong Leong Tokio Marine Takaful Berhad, HSBC Amanah Takaful (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, MAA Takaful Berhad, Prudential BSN Takaful Berhad,Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad and also Takaful Ikhlas Sdn Bhd (BNM, 2008). Convenience Convenience is composed of number factors including the availability of parking space, location of branches, long operation hours. (Jasmi Al-Ajmi, Hameeda Abo Hussain and Nadhem Al-Saleh, 2009). Customers will always prefer the products and services are available near to their working place or house area for the convenience of visiting. The sufficient parking space and long operation hours is for the convenience when visiting to the branch. Internet adoption is a type of convenience which offered by the insurance companies to their consumers, where consumers can get the products and services information through the website (Ainin and Jaafar, 2003). Other than that, interior comfort and external design also included affect the consumers perception on the convenience of selecting financial products. Status Status of an organization show measured through the strength of financial position, reputation and also the risk. As Islamic finance continue to expand. Islamic principles strong emphasis on the economic, ethical, moral and social dimensions, to enhance equality and fairness for the good of society as a whole should also have appeal for the ethnically minded (Jasmi Al-Ajmi, Hameeda Abo Hussain and Nadhem Al-Saleh, 2009). Study which conducted by Ahasanul Haque, Jamil Osman and Ahmad Zaki (2009) also revealed that banks name and reputation is a strong effect on selecting a bank. In order to penetrate the youth market, Takaful Malaysia announced on 11th November, that RM 15 million has been pumped into the companys rebranding exercise. After twenty-five years of leading in Islamic insurance company in the country, Takaful Malaysia is setting on conquering the insurance industry by transforming itself into a more youthful outfit. Reflective of its tagline of modern, young and energetic, the company will unveils its new fresh-looking logo, a color fusion of apple green and olive green, described by Takaful Malaysia group director Datuk Hassan Kamil as vibrant and energetic. Takaful Malaysia believes that its latest approach will enhance its image and make it more appealing to the younger age-group which Hassan deems as a highly potential market segment (Joseph Kaos JR, 2009). Others Other than the above criteria, according to a study conducted in Jordan indicated that profit motivated criteria was an important factor to choose a bank service. However, other findings are that peer group influence plays an important role in selecting Islamic banks as depository institution. Other than that, politeness and friendliness of the personnel will also impact on the customers perception towards the financial institutions (Ahasanul Haque, Jamil Osman and Ahmad Zaki, 2009). Determinants of demand for insurance Insurance has become an important part of a financial sector over the past forty years. It provides a range of investments product for consumers. It also becomes the major source of investment in the capital market. Yet, the reasons for consumption of insurance are various across the countries. Demographic factors were amongst (Thorsten Beck, 2003; Ian Webb, 2003, Yvette Reisinger, 2009). While according to the study conducted by Truett et al. (1990), the consumption of insurance is depend on the price of insurance, income level of individual, and also the demographic factors such as age of individual insured and also the educational level. Gender The majority women of American have health insurance through either employer or through a public program. There are 66.67 percents of all women aged from 18 to 64 owned insurance through their employer, while another 16 percents through public program in year 2007. In contrast, there is 7 percents of nonelderly women in year 2007 purchase health coverage directly from insurance companies which we known as the individual market. Yet, the National Womens Law Centre (NWLC) investigated two phenomena, the gender gap which refers to the difference in premium charged to female and male applicants of the same age and health status. Another phenomenon is the availability and affordability of coverage for maternity care across the country. Based on the research, NWLC (2008) found that the individual market is a place which is very hard for women to purchase the health coverage. This is because insurance companies can refuse to sell women coverage due to the historic data that women have a higher percentage compared to men in suffering from a chronic condition which requiring ongoing treatment for instances asthma or arthritis. In addition, if the insurers discovered that an applicant underwent a Caesarean Section (C-Section) during the medical underwriting process, the company may charge a higher premium, or impose an exclusionary period which it refuses to cover another C-Section or pregnancy. New reports also revealed that women are more likely than men in taking prescription medication on a regular basis. In these conditions, the insurance company may reject the applications. On the other hand, it is difficult and costly for women to find health insurance that cover maternity care. A limited number of insurers offered this in separately for an additional fees which known as rider. Yet, this supplemental coverage is often far higher than ordinary plan. So typically, women have no other choice to select more or less comprehensive rider policy (NWLC, 2008). Educational Level According to Tienyu Hwang (2003) and Simon Gao (2003), the level of education plays a very important role in affecting the demand of insurance. It has been shown that the increasing of the educated population in a country, the recognition of the availability of insurance products will also be increased. Thus, the demand for insurance will also be growing in the country. Despite the education level in China is relatively low (Truett and monitor, 1996; World Bank, 1998), the increase in the education level will lead to a large number of people being realizing and able to recognize the essentiality of insurance. Therefore, it is likely to create a demand to purchase insurance. On the other hand, although the level of education in China remains low, china has made a great progress in improving the education system since the economic reform. This has increase the education level which leads to a greater awareness and understanding on the role of insurance. Hence, the level of education and demand for insurance is positively correlated. However, Szpiro and Outreville (198) proved that higher education leads to lower risk aversion, and that, in turn, leads to more risk taking by skilled and well educated people. While accor Perceptions Towards Islamic Banking and Insurance Perceptions Towards Islamic Banking and Insurance Introduction In the first chapter of this research study, an introduction on insurance will be presented. While, on the other hand, there will be a highlight on the differences between conventional and Islamic insurance. Following this, will be the problem discussion and the objectives of this study. Finally, there will be the justification and significance, following by organization of the study. What Exactly Is Insurance Means Buying insurance has become a trend in this twentieth century. According to The Star daily(2007), in the first half of year 2007, the combined premium income for insurance industry increase 9.8 percent compared to the same period for year 2006. The industry is further expanded in line with the favorable economics performance. People bought the insurance for their car, family, and business. People spend a lot of money on paying the insurance premium annually. While, do they actually clear on what kind of plan they had bought and what had they insured for their life, property and so on? Do they really distinct on the concept of the insurance that they had disbursed so much? According to Bank Negara Malaysia, insurance is the transfer of risk by an individual, such as yourself or an organization, such as your business to an insurance company. You or your organization will then be known as policy holder or insured while the insurance company is the insurer. The insurance company receives the payment in the form of premium. Then the insurance company utilized the premium collect from their policy holder to make some investment for their company. They will compensate their policy holder in the event of losses or damages which is sustained by the premium paid. In other word, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss by paying an amount of premium. It is an effective risk transfer mechanism for insured to exchange their uncertainty financial loss with the certain amount of premium (Ahmad Ali Khan, 2003). This kind of insurance we titled as conventional insurance which is the ordinary type of insurance that accepted by the society in general. While, other than the conventional insurance which we normally approached to, there are another type of insurance which we called as Islamic insurance. The Islamic insurance was step into Malaysia insurance market since November of year 1984 (Renat Bekkin, 2008). The first Islamic insurance company established in Malaysia was Takaful Malaysia Berhad. Early than that, Islamic insurance has stepping into the market of Sudan and Arab. What is Islamic insurance Islamic insurance is a mode of financial management which compliance to Shariah law. Islamic insurance is provided under a principle called Takaful. According to Islamic Banking, the term Takaful is derived from the Arabic word Kafaala meaning guaranteeing. Takaful means guaranteeing each other and refer to the concept of permissible Islamic insurance or Halal insurance. While by referring to Takaful Act 1984, Article 2, Takaful means a scheme based on brotherhood, solidarity and mutual assistance which provides for mutual financial aid and assistance to the participants in case of need whereby the participants mutually agree to contribute for that purpose. Literally, Takaful defines responsibility, shared guarantee, collective assurance and mutual undertakings. (Masum Billah, 2007) Some Muslims believe insurance is unnecessary, as society should helps its victims. Muslims can no longer ignore the fact that they live, they trade and communicate with open global systems, and they can no longer ignore the need for banking and insurance (Dr Aly Khorshid, 2004). In the eyes of Muslims, the concepts used by conventional insurance are against the law of Shariah. This is because conventional insurance is based on a contract of exchange (sale) between the insurance company and the covered person. This contract is void because it has the elements which are not permissible from Shariahs perspective. The elements are Gharar which means uncertainty. Conventional insurance has an element of Gharar due to the promise to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of unsuspected events. The other elements are Maysir which refer to gambling. Existence of Gharar (uncertainties) leads to Maysir (gambling) in conventional insurance. The insured may either lose the entire premium he has paid or be compensated for the losses he incurs for the insured event. Riba was also one of the not permissible elements in the law of Shariah. Riba means interest. The investment of insurance funds in interest bearing securities such bonds and stocks, which do not comply with the Shariah principles, pose a major Muslims who purchase the conventional insurance (Alburn Mountain, 2008). In conventional insurance, vendors, the insurance company, sells their insurance plans to their clients, which we called as policy holder in the other way and invest the premium paid for the profit of its shareholder. Then, the policy holders do enjoy the risk transference that they are receiving the compensation if they face the financial loss on the events they insured. According to Islamic Banking, Takaful was grant as Islamic insurance because of the apparent similarity between the contract of kafaala and insurance. Takaful is an Islamic concept which grounded in Islamic Mualamat which define as banking transaction (SP Media, 2009). This concept already practices in diverse form over 1400 years long (Salam, 2008). Generally, Takaful is an insurance plan which based on Shariah principles. The members are to contribute a certain amount of money to a common pool which is Takaful fund in the form of participative contribution that also called as Tabarru. Tabarru means a donation, charity or gift which cannot be taken back (Dr Qaradawi, 2002). In general Takaful, a percentage of the participants contribution is considered as Tabarru, thus it cannot be taken back by the participants as it is the joint guarantee principle to help other participants. A portion of a participants contribution will be allocate through Tabarru principle to help participants from a sudden but defined risks. After contributing the money into Takaful mutual fund, they will undertake a contract which called as Aqad in Islam, to become one of the participants by agreeing to mutually help each other, should any of the participants suffer a defined loss (Arshad Shaikh, 2007). In Islamic insurance, participants (policyholders) are co-operating among themselves for their common goods. Every participants are to pay a part of the contribution (premium) as a donation to help those need assistance. Other than that, in Takaful system, losses are divided and liabilities spread according to the community pooling system. In order to eliminate the element of uncertainty in Takaful contract, the concept of Tabarru is incorporated. This is to enable the participant to fulfill his obligation of mutual help and joint guarantee should any of his fellow participants suffer a defined loss. In conventional insurance, policy holder can buy more than one policy or plan to hedge the particular risk in the event of loss or damage. By this, the policy holders are lessening the claims of the insurance company because the same amount of compensation has now burden by two companies. This is called reinsurance which an insurance company can transfer to another insurer, the reinsurer all or part of its liabilities in respect of claims arising under the contracts of insurance. This is to protect itself against the risk that its total claims costs in any year may wiping out of its profits and cause it to insolvent. As same in Islamic insurance, participants can buy more than one plan from other licensed Takaful operator. This is called as Retakaful in Islamic insurance (Bahrain, 2005). Why Takaful Insurance instead of Conventional Insurance In Islamic view, the concept used in conventional insurance is in conflict with the injunction of Islam (Ahmad Ali Khan, 2003). The conflicts were not against the concepts used by conventional insurance that trades and contracts were appeared in the concept. While the struggling are the weaknesses and the imperfect phrase which existed in the insurance contract. The objections are actually against the phrase of Gharar which means uncertainty, Maisir refers to gambling and the word Riba which point to the interest. The criticism was the word of Gharar is happened in the contract of insurance. Other than that, the phrase of gambling is presenting in its extreme form. Whats more is the element of interest is existed in the contract. These three phrases were the points appeared in the contract of conventional insurance that prohibited in Islamic view. Thus, they lead to the contradiction between conventional insurance and Islamic view (Ahmad Ali Khan, 2003). While, there are the person who does not agree the above matters. According to Dr Yusof al-Qaradawi (2002), he does not think that the concept used in conventional insurance is conflict with Islamic law, but he agrees that the conventional insurance is in need of some improvement to move in line with Islamic teachings. Problem Statement People are following the track of buying insurance nowadays. People buy insurance when there is a new born baby. They buy insurance during their travelling. Insurance also bought when people purchase a residential property. People also buy insurance for the sake of retiring. People buy insurance whenever they think there was an unseen risk hidden, but do they really know what is about insurance and what type of insurance is available in the market? Throughout a number of searching by using the Google search engine and the library in campus, which was found that there are the surveys doing on Islamic Banking which may mentioned in various perspectives for instances the growth of Islamic banking in the world. Like what mentioning by Radio Australia, Islamic banking was one of the fastest growing sectors in the finance world which reveals by the value of the industry which worth of USD 1 Trillion in the year 2008. An addition, according to the bankers Top 500 Islamic Financial Institution survey, assets held by Islamic bank in year 2009 rose by 28.6 percent to 822 billion dollar from 639 billion dollar in year 2008. It posted a double-digit growth in the year 2009 despite of the economic slowdown occurred in the earlier year (Soren Billing, 2009). Other than that, what was found is there are quite a number of researches which study on the topic related to insurance. There are talked about the insurance expansion in the industry, growth of the insurance industry, the rate of market penetration. According to KCLAU (2007), the market penetration of life insurance as measured in terms of the total number of policies in force to total population, grew to 39.3 percent as at end of June 2007. While, besides the conventional which is generally accepted by the society, there are another type of risk transfer mechanism which is Islamic insurance was emerged in the other part of the globe. Islamic insurance was first widely spread over the Islamic country like Sudan, Arabic, India, South East Asia, and some other place in the world. The Islamic insurance also practiced in the region which is non Islamic country like European country and United of State. Since the growing of Islamic insurance throughout the world is in such a fast track, while, the doubt appeared was, it was hard to find the study on Islamic insurance rather than the conventional insurance. Another doubt was appeared that what is the reason to separate insurance into Islamic and conventional? What is the different perspective between Islamic insurance and conventional insurance? While, the most is, do people aware of the existence of Islamic insurance in the insurance industry which they approached ordinarily? Following by this, is the discussion on conventional and Islamic insurance. Research Objectives The general objective of this study is to clarify the different perspectives between conventional and Islamic insurance. While the other specific objectives as stated below which I am to study in this research. The specific objectives: To investigate the different perception of Muslim and Non Muslim towards conventional and Islamic insurance To investigate the determinants of demand for insurance in Malaysians To determine the level of awareness on Islamic insurance in the region of Malaysia Significance of Study This study may help the Malaysian Islamic Finance market to move a step up due to the hike up of the level of awareness on the conventional and Islamic insurance. Other than that, the study also provides the Muslim and Non Muslim within Malaysia to walk out of the religious teachings and some other factors in order to know more about the issues of insurance. Therefrom, Malaysias Islamic finance market may improve follow by the fast track in other country like what happened to the Top 500 Islamic Financial Institution, that assets held by Islamic bank in year 2009 rose by 28.6 percent to 822 billion dollar from 639 billion dollar in year 2008. It posted a double-digit growth in the year 2009 despite of the economic slowdown occurred in the earlier year (Soren Billing, 2009). Other than impacts on the country income and economic condition, this study also might helpful to the family or person who thinks of purchase insurance. By gone through this study, they are able to better analyze the product available in the market whether from the conventional insurance company or the Takaful operator which offer the Shariah compliance products and services. Then they are able to choose the best product which suit to them in terms of their needs, budget and also the religious teachings. Other than this, the study also may help the insurance company or the operators to determine the consumers intention of buying on their product. They may use the useful information to improve their products in order to enhance or even develop a better market position for their company. The growing in the insurance market plays an important role in the economic growth of the country. The growing may bring the country to a higher position in the world financial sector. Thus, Malaysia will stand still on the top of the world in the financial sector which playing the role of developing the conventional and Islamic insurance to the various country on the globe. Organization of Study This research report comprises of five chapters. The first chapter serves the introduction on insurance. It consists of the detail for conventional insurance and Islamic insurance. Problem statement and research objective is also discussed. Following the significance of study is presented. Lastly, the chapter one will end by the organization of study which show the flow out of the whole research project. Basically, chapter two will present the literature review which forms the foundation of this study. It consists of the related empirical study which done by other researchers previously. There are few factors which impact on the demand of insurance and influential to customers perception are included in this chapter. In chapter three, the research methodology of the study will be discussed. The research framework will be shown together with the hypothesis developed link together the variables in the study. Other than that, the sample planning, sources of data and data collection will also be carried out. Questionnaire design will also be laid out in this chapter following by the data analysis method which is the last part of this chapter. Following by this is chapter four which describe the results and discussion. Hence, the graph and table will be widely used to better interpret the findings and result of the study. Finally, chapter five will be the conclusion and the recommendation of this research. The level of awareness among Malaysian towards Islamic insurance will finally be presented and end this study. Chapter Two Literature Review INTRODUCTION Continue with the first chapter presented previously, this study is to observe the perception of Malaysia towards conventional insurance and Islamic insurance. For the sake of gaining a clearer view on this, exploring to the related literature is a must. Following, the overview of insurance and takaful will be presented. In 2.2, the discussion about the determinants impact on demand for insurance will be presented. Then, the study will indicate the perception of consumers towards conventional and Islamic methods of finance in few factors like the service quality, accessibility, convenience and status of the organizations. Lastly in 2.4, the awareness among Malaysian towards Islamic insurance will be discussed. Overview of Insurance and Islamic Insurance Insurance is a form of risk-management which transfer the possible risks like accident, theft, natural disaster and illness of ones or a group to the more financially sound entity, insurers in exchange with a small amount of payment which we called as premium. The meaning of insurance is essentially to understand for everybody who is considering of purchase an insurance policy or to understand the basics of what if finance. This instrument is used in hedging risk precautionary against the future contingent losses (Stanley St Labs, n.d). While, according to Insurance Info, insurance is being categorized two main categories which are life insurance and general insurance. The risks that covered by life insurance including premature death, income during retirement and illness. While the main products in life insurance are Whole life, Endowment, Term, Investment-linked, Life annuity plan, Medical and health. For general insurance, it is basically a policy that protects you from losses and damages which other than those covered by life insurance, for instance, property loss like stolen car and burnt house. Other than that, liability arising from damage caused by oneself to a third party, accidental death or injury also covered by the general insurance. The products offered under general insurance are Motor insurance, Fire/House owner/Householder insurance, Personal accident insurance, Medical and health insurance and Travel insurance. While for Islamic insurance, takaful, is a protection plan based on Shariah principles compliance. By contributing a sum of money to a common takaful fund in the form of participative contribution (tabarru), the person is undertaking a contract (aqad) to become one of the participants which agree to mutually help each other if any of the participants suffer a defined loss. Both takaul and insurance have similar basic principles where the insured must have a legitimate financial interest in the risk you are insuring, which means the insured must suffer a financial loss when the insured event occurred. In takaful, the life insurance is granted as family takaful. The products offered under family takaful are Family Takaful, Investment linked takaful, Child education takaful, Medical and health takaful. While for general takaful, there are Home takaful, Motor takaful and Personal accidents takaful. Perception towards Conventional and Islamic Insurance Perception, as defined by Stephen P. Robbins (2005) is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Perception is important in decision making process. An individual must fully understand the decision must make along with all of the facts and information involved. If an individual has a bad perception of the situation and do not consider all of the facts that are involved like the external factors which anyone else have no control over the individual may lead to a wrong decision. In turn, this will cause negative consequences for the organization and the individual. In order to have a good perception on any given situation, an individual must analyze all of the significant information involved in a timely manner, without making a hasty decision (Wally Sparks, 2007). Service Quality According to Shahril Bin Shafie (2003), quality is sought by all organizations, especially in the service sector. Service quality is commonly noted as a critical prerequisite for establishing and sustaining satisfying relationships between organization and the customers (Lassar et al., 2000). According to Yap, S.F., and Kew, M.L., there are many researchers who have defined service quality in different ways. Among them, Bitner, Booms and Mohr (1994) define service quality as the consumers overall impression of the relative inferiority or superiority of the organization and its services. While, other researchers like Cronin and Taylor (1994), view service quality as a form of attitude representing a long run overall evaluation. Service quality has determining the repeated purchase and customer loyalty to an organization. When a customer choose a provider that provides service quality that meets or exceeds his or her expectations, then the customer is more likely to choose the same pro vider again. According to Erol and El-Bdour (1989), Erol, Kaynak, and El-Bdour (1990) and Haron, Ahmad and Planisek (1994) observed that Islamic bank consumers rated the speed and efficiency of services near their top selection criterion on finance service provider. By referring to a study conduct by Erdener Kaynak and Talha D. Harcar (2005) is found that, the service quality provide by conventional banking system is excellent than the others. The study indicated that the customer maintain a higher level of confidence in conventional bank rather than Islamic bank. In this study, the service being tested including the swiftness in correcting errors, fast and efficient service, and consumer complains handling and the courtesy personnel. While according to Hendrik, L., Hirun, A., Razli, C.R., Halim, M.L., Khairul, A. A., and Darwina, A.A. (n.d), indicate that customer satisfaction on Islamic banking products and services is different across the cities. The service quality is satisfied within Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and Penang because these cities are bigger which also contains more populations, and are more economically developed. Due to these reasons, the service provided is more satisfactory because of the customers characteristics which different from income level, gender and also educational level.Erol and El-Bdour (1989), Erol, Kaynak, and El-Bdour (1990) and Haron, Ahmad and Planisek (1994) observed that Islamic bank consumers rated the speed and efficiency of services near their top selection criterion on finance service provider. The emergence of the Internet provides an opportunity for organizations to conduct business in cyberspace. Steven et al (2002), Soliman (2003), Wirtz (2001), Coltman (2001) had studied that Internet adoption and factors influencing the propensity and pattern of adoption among different sectors and sizes of organizations worldwide and in Malaysia, empirical data on online insurance has been limited (Fatimah et al, 2000; Yusserie at el, 2002). One of the reasons may be because the insurance industry has been slow to respond to the usage of Internet for business,, as compared to the other financial service (Esters, 1997). In 1999, recognizing the potential of the Internet, Bank Negara Malaysia allowed a group of insurers to establish the industry first interactive insurance website, which enabled policy owners to transact on the line for renewal of policy and also premium payment(BNM 2000). Internet via individual companys website allows customers to gain more information about the product and services offered by the companies (Ruquet, 2001). While, not all the business organizations are adopting Internet in their business due to various reasons like customer readiness, cost and the risks involved. Zinkewicz (2000) said that business do not use the Internet for business because customers do not trust the process involved, instead, they prefer human interactions (Ainin and Jaafar, 2003). Accessibility Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product or service is accessible by as many people as possible. It also viewed as the ability to access the functionality and possible benefits of some system or entity like information of the particular products and services (Wikipedia, 2009). In Malaysia, there are total up 1,752 numbers of registered insurance agencies distributed throughout the thirteen states and two federal territories. Among of all, there are agencies which offer both life insurance and also general insurance business like American International Assurance Bhd, Etiqa Insurance Berhad, Hong Leong Assurance Berhad and so on (BNM, 2008). Other than that, there are only eight licensed Takaful operator in Malaysia which are CIMB Aviva Takaful Berhad, Etiqa Takaful Berhad, Hong Leong Tokio Marine Takaful Berhad, HSBC Amanah Takaful (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, MAA Takaful Berhad, Prudential BSN Takaful Berhad,Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad and also Takaful Ikhlas Sdn Bhd (BNM, 2008). Convenience Convenience is composed of number factors including the availability of parking space, location of branches, long operation hours. (Jasmi Al-Ajmi, Hameeda Abo Hussain and Nadhem Al-Saleh, 2009). Customers will always prefer the products and services are available near to their working place or house area for the convenience of visiting. The sufficient parking space and long operation hours is for the convenience when visiting to the branch. Internet adoption is a type of convenience which offered by the insurance companies to their consumers, where consumers can get the products and services information through the website (Ainin and Jaafar, 2003). Other than that, interior comfort and external design also included affect the consumers perception on the convenience of selecting financial products. Status Status of an organization show measured through the strength of financial position, reputation and also the risk. As Islamic finance continue to expand. Islamic principles strong emphasis on the economic, ethical, moral and social dimensions, to enhance equality and fairness for the good of society as a whole should also have appeal for the ethnically minded (Jasmi Al-Ajmi, Hameeda Abo Hussain and Nadhem Al-Saleh, 2009). Study which conducted by Ahasanul Haque, Jamil Osman and Ahmad Zaki (2009) also revealed that banks name and reputation is a strong effect on selecting a bank. In order to penetrate the youth market, Takaful Malaysia announced on 11th November, that RM 15 million has been pumped into the companys rebranding exercise. After twenty-five years of leading in Islamic insurance company in the country, Takaful Malaysia is setting on conquering the insurance industry by transforming itself into a more youthful outfit. Reflective of its tagline of modern, young and energetic, the company will unveils its new fresh-looking logo, a color fusion of apple green and olive green, described by Takaful Malaysia group director Datuk Hassan Kamil as vibrant and energetic. Takaful Malaysia believes that its latest approach will enhance its image and make it more appealing to the younger age-group which Hassan deems as a highly potential market segment (Joseph Kaos JR, 2009). Others Other than the above criteria, according to a study conducted in Jordan indicated that profit motivated criteria was an important factor to choose a bank service. However, other findings are that peer group influence plays an important role in selecting Islamic banks as depository institution. Other than that, politeness and friendliness of the personnel will also impact on the customers perception towards the financial institutions (Ahasanul Haque, Jamil Osman and Ahmad Zaki, 2009). Determinants of demand for insurance Insurance has become an important part of a financial sector over the past forty years. It provides a range of investments product for consumers. It also becomes the major source of investment in the capital market. Yet, the reasons for consumption of insurance are various across the countries. Demographic factors were amongst (Thorsten Beck, 2003; Ian Webb, 2003, Yvette Reisinger, 2009). While according to the study conducted by Truett et al. (1990), the consumption of insurance is depend on the price of insurance, income level of individual, and also the demographic factors such as age of individual insured and also the educational level. Gender The majority women of American have health insurance through either employer or through a public program. There are 66.67 percents of all women aged from 18 to 64 owned insurance through their employer, while another 16 percents through public program in year 2007. In contrast, there is 7 percents of nonelderly women in year 2007 purchase health coverage directly from insurance companies which we known as the individual market. Yet, the National Womens Law Centre (NWLC) investigated two phenomena, the gender gap which refers to the difference in premium charged to female and male applicants of the same age and health status. Another phenomenon is the availability and affordability of coverage for maternity care across the country. Based on the research, NWLC (2008) found that the individual market is a place which is very hard for women to purchase the health coverage. This is because insurance companies can refuse to sell women coverage due to the historic data that women have a higher percentage compared to men in suffering from a chronic condition which requiring ongoing treatment for instances asthma or arthritis. In addition, if the insurers discovered that an applicant underwent a Caesarean Section (C-Section) during the medical underwriting process, the company may charge a higher premium, or impose an exclusionary period which it refuses to cover another C-Section or pregnancy. New reports also revealed that women are more likely than men in taking prescription medication on a regular basis. In these conditions, the insurance company may reject the applications. On the other hand, it is difficult and costly for women to find health insurance that cover maternity care. A limited number of insurers offered this in separately for an additional fees which known as rider. Yet, this supplemental coverage is often far higher than ordinary plan. So typically, women have no other choice to select more or less comprehensive rider policy (NWLC, 2008). Educational Level According to Tienyu Hwang (2003) and Simon Gao (2003), the level of education plays a very important role in affecting the demand of insurance. It has been shown that the increasing of the educated population in a country, the recognition of the availability of insurance products will also be increased. Thus, the demand for insurance will also be growing in the country. Despite the education level in China is relatively low (Truett and monitor, 1996; World Bank, 1998), the increase in the education level will lead to a large number of people being realizing and able to recognize the essentiality of insurance. Therefore, it is likely to create a demand to purchase insurance. On the other hand, although the level of education in China remains low, china has made a great progress in improving the education system since the economic reform. This has increase the education level which leads to a greater awareness and understanding on the role of insurance. Hence, the level of education and demand for insurance is positively correlated. However, Szpiro and Outreville (198) proved that higher education leads to lower risk aversion, and that, in turn, leads to more risk taking by skilled and well educated people. While accor